The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 92 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reconstructing the Migratory Behavior and Long-Term Survivorship of Juvenile Chinook Salmon under Contrasting Hydrologic Regimes
Open accessAbstract
The loss of genetic and life history diversity has been documented across many taxonomic groups, and is considered a leading cause of increased extinction risk. Juvenile salmon leave their natal rivers at different sizes, ages and times of the year, and it is thought that this life history variation contributes to their population sustainability, and is thus central to many recovery efforts. However, in order to preserve and restore diversity in life history traits, it is necessary to first understand how environmental factors affect their expression and success. We used otolith (87)Sr/(86)Sr in adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytcha) returning to the Stanislaus River in the California Central Valley (USA) to reconstruct the sizes at which they outmigrated as juveniles in a wetter (2000) and drier (2003) year. We compared rotary screw trap-derived estimates of outmigrant timing, abundance and size with those reconstructed in the adults from the same cohort. This allowed us to estimate the relative survival and contribution of migratory phenotypes (fry, parr, smolts) to the adult spawning population under different flow regimes. Juvenile abundance and outmigration behavior varied with hydroclimatic regime, while downstream survival appeared to be driven by size- and time-selective mortality. Although fry survival is generally assumed to be negligible in this system, >20% of the adult spawners from outmigration year 2000 had outmigrated as fry. In both years, all three phenotypes contributed to the spawning population, however their relative proportions differed, reflecting greater fry contributions in the wetter year (23% vs. 10%) and greater smolt contributions in the drier year (13% vs. 44%). These data demonstrate that the expression and success of migratory phenotypes vary with hydrologic regime, emphasizing the importance of maintaining diversity in a changing climate.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Spatial variation in the freshwater and estuarine environment decreases variation in juvenile survival over time, contributing to the portfolio effect.
“However, spatial variation in the freshwater and estuarine environment also decreases variation in juvenile survival over time, contributing to the “portfolio effect” [5, 6].”
From Estimating Common Growth Patterns in Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from Diverse Genetic Stocks and a Large Spatial Extent (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
The Introduction says that asynchronous salmon populations can stabilize the stock complex through a portfolio effect, and the Discussion (Management implications) says juvenile life-history diversity likely buffers variation. Neither passage establishes that spatial variation specifically in freshwater and estuarine environments decreases variation in juvenile survival over time. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Evolution of Life Histories
Winemiller, K. (1994) · doi:10.1577/1548-8659-123.5.835 · Cited by 8,347
Hanski, I. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/23876 · Cited by 2,670
Why intraspecific trait variation matters in community ecology
Bolnick, D. I., Amarasekare, P., Araújo, M. S., Bürger, R., Levine, J. M., Novak, M., Rudolf, V. H. W., Schreiber, S. J., Urban, M. C., & Vasseur, D. A. (2011) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2011.01.009 · Cited by 2,463
Population diversity and the portfolio effect in an exploited species
Schindler, D. E., Hilborn, R., Chasco, B., Boatright, C. P., Quinn, T. P., Rogers, L. A., & Webster, M. S. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09060 · Cited by 1,605 · cited 1×
“Our key findings in the context ofthe salmon life cycle in order to link the datasets, methods, and processes examined in the study (Fig 7). Overall, the wetter year (2000) was characterized byhigher numbers ofjuvenile outmigrants and adult returns, despite fewer adult spawners contributing to the cohort the previous…”
BackgroundAdaptive phenotypic plasticity: consensus and controversy.
Via, S., Gomulkiewicz, R., de Jong, G., Scheiner, S., Schlichting, C., & van Tienderen, P. V. (1995) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(00)89061-8 · Cited by 1,447
Microstructure of fish otoliths
Campana, S. E., & Neilson, J. D. (1985) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/f85-127 · Cited by 1,411 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, otolith size is significantly related to body size [34,35], allowing back-calculation of individual fork length (FL) at specific life history events [36].”
BackgroundOtoliths, increments, and elements: keys to a comprehensive understanding of fish populations?
Campana, S., & Thorrold, S. (2001) · doi:10.1139/f00-177 · Cited by 1,155
Biocomplexity and Fisheries Sustainability
Hilborn, R., Quinn, T. P., Schindler, D. E., & Rogers, D. E. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1037274100 · Cited by 990 · cited 3×
“The observed life history diversity likely provides within-population buffering, an as yet understudied component of the portfolio effect [5,6].”
BackgroundA review of local adaptation in Salmonidac, with particular reference to Pacific and Atlantic salmon
Taylor, E. (1991) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/0044-8486(91)90383-i · Cited by 783
Beamish, R., & Mahnken, C. (2001) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0079-6611(01)00034-9 · Cited by 492 · cited 1×
“Thus, the survival advantage of parr is likely attributable to both size and migration timing, analogous to the marine-orientated “critical size and period hypothesis” proposed by Beamish and Mahnken [74].”
BackgroundNelson, L. S. (2003) · Journal of Quality Technology · doi:10.1080/00224065.2003.11980200 · Cited by 422
Specifying divergent migrations in the concept of stock: the contingent hypothesis
Secor, D. (1999) · Fisheries Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-7836(99)00064-8 · Cited by 325
Can otolith elemental chemistry retrospectively track migrations in fully marine fishes?
Sturrock, A. M., Trueman, C. N., Darnaude, A. M., & Hunter, E. (2012) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03372.x · Cited by 288
Self-citationReconstructing the lives of fish using Sr isotopes in otoliths
Kennedy, B., Klaue, A., Blum, J., Folt, C., & Nislow, K. (2002) · doi:10.1139/f02-070 · Cited by 258
The Pacific salmon wars: what science brings to the challenge of recovering species
Ruckelshaus, M. H., Levin, P., Johnson, J. B., & Kareiva, P. M. (2002) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150504 · Cited by 254
LIFE‐HISTORY DIVERGENCE IN CHINOOK SALMON: HISTORIC CONTINGENCY AND PARALLEL EVOLUTION
Waples, R., Teel, D., Myers, J., & Marshall, A. (2004) · Evolution; international journal of organic evolution · doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01654.x · Cited by 243
Turbidity Reduces Predation on Migrating Juvenile Pacific Salmon
Gregory, R., & Levings, C. (1998) · Transactions of the American Fisheries Society · doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127 · Cited by 238
Weakened portfolio effect in a collapsed salmon population complex
Carlson, S. M., & Satterthwaite, W. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/f2011-084 · Cited by 213
Natural isotope markers in salmon
Kennedy, B., Folt, C., Blum, J., & Chamberlain, C. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/42835 · Cited by 205
Hydrologic regime and the conservation of salmon life history diversity
Beechie, T. J., Buhle, E. R., Ruckelshaus, M. H., Fullerton, A. H., & Holsinger, L. M. (2006) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.01.019 · Cited by 202 · cited 3×
“Selection for one strategy over another may vary as a function of freshwater and/or marine conditions [10,15].”
BackgroundTracking natal origins of salmon using isotopes, otoliths, and landscape geology
Rachel, B.-J., Pearson, T. E., Ramos, F., Grimes, C., & Macfarlane, R. (2008) · doi:10.4319/lo.2008.53.4.1633 · Cited by 190
Neilson, J., & Geen, G. H. (1982) · doi:10.1139/f82-180 · Cited by 179 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, otolith size is significantly related to body size [34,35], allowing back-calculation of individual fork length (FL) at specific life history events [36].”
BackgroundImproved viability of populations with diverse life-history portfolios
Greene, C., Hall, J. E., Guilbault, K., & Quinn, T. (2010) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0780 · Cited by 177
Marine, K. R., & Cech, J. (2004) · North American Journal of Fisheries Management · doi:10.1577/m02-142 · Cited by 165
Past and Present Status of Central Valley Chinook Salmon
Fisher, F. (1994) · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030863-5.x · Cited by 135 · cited 4×
“Typically, fall-run Chinook salmon return to the San Joaquin basin from September to early January, and their offspring outmigrate the following January to June [16,39].”
BackgroundInfluentialDensity‐dependent mortality in Pacific salmon: the ghost of impacts past?
Achord, S., Levin, P., & Zabel, R. (2003) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00438.x · Cited by 130 · cited 1×
“Juveniles tend to encounter less floodplain habitat, and increased predation rates and physiological stress in warmer, drier years [62], which likely resulted in a lower carrying capacity in the natal tributary [63] and increased density dependent mortality [64,65].”
BackgroundWeitkamp, L. (2010) · Transactions of the American Fisheries Society · doi:10.1577/t08-225.1 · Cited by 130
Central Valley Salmon: A Perspective on Chinook and Steelhead in the Central Valley of California
Consultant, I., & Williams, J. G. (2006) · San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science · doi:10.15447/sfews.2006v4iss3art2 · Cited by 126 · cited 6×
“Largely without direct empirical support, hatchery and flow management practices tend to focus on optimizing the success of the largest, smolt-sized juveniles that are assumed to contribute the most to adult returns [14,21,24].”
BackgroundInfluentialWoodson, L. E., Wells, B., Weber, P., Macfarlane, R., Whitman, G., & Johnson, R. C. (2013) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps10353 · Cited by 111
Self-citationGreene, C., & Beechie, T. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/f04-024 · Cited by 106
Miller, J. A., Gray, A., & Merz, J. E. (2010) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps08613 · Cited by 103
Hauer, F., & Lorang, M. (2004) · Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00027-004-0724-7 · Cited by 103
Kjelson, M. A., Raquel, P. F., & Fisher, F. W. (1982) · Estuarine Comparisons · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404070-0.50029-6 · Cited by 99 · cited 17×
“However, the strength of size-selection in juvenile CCV Chinook salmon can vary as a function of ocean productivity [18], highlighting the importance of maintaining life history diversity in outmigration strategies.”
BackgroundInfluentialBarnett-Johnson, R., Grimes, C., Royer, C., & Donohoe, C. J. (2007) · doi:10.1139/f07-129 · Cited by 97
Myrick, C., & Cech, J. (2004) · Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries · doi:10.1007/s11160-004-2739-5 · Cited by 96
Satterthwaite, W., Carlson, S., Allen-Moran, S. D., Vincenzi, S., Bograd, S., & Wells, B. (2014) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps10934 · Cited by 94
LIFE-HISTORY DIVERGENCE IN CHINOOK SALMON: HISTORIC CONTINGENCY AND PARALLEL EVOLUTION
Waples, R., Teel, D., Myers, J., & Marshall, A. (2004) · doi:10.1554/03-323 · Cited by 92
Barnett-Johnson, R., Ramos, F., Grimes, C., & Macfarlane, R. (2005) · doi:10.1139/f05-194 · Cited by 89
Relation of Fish Size and Growth Rate to Migration of Spring Chinook Salmon Smolts
Beckman, B., Larsen, D. A., Lee-Pawlak, B., & Dickhoff, W. (1998) · North American Journal of Fisheries Management · doi:10.1577/1548-8675(1998)018 · Cited by 87
Barnett-Johnson, R., Teel, D., & Casillas, E. (2010) · Environmental Biology of Fishes · doi:10.1007/s10641-010-9662-5 · Cited by 85 · cited 3×
“Conversely, fry outmigrants represented 10–23% of the adult escapement, despite representing 50–85% of the juvenile sample (Tables 2 & 4).”
BackgroundWood, C., Bickham, J., Nelson, R., Foote, C., & Patton, J. (2008) · Evolutionary Applications · doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00028.x · Cited by 83 · cited 1×
“Recognition of the importance of hydrodynamic regime and life history diversity should provide guidance to system managers when reassessing goals and future management strategies [5,95].”
BackgroundAnnual variation in size-selective mortality of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry
Good, S., Dodson, J., Meekan, M., & Ryan, D. (2001) · doi:10.1139/cjfas-58-6-1187 · Cited by 71 · cited 1×
“moderated by a variety of other processes [23].”
BackgroundManaged Metapopulations: Do Salmon Hatchery ‘Sources’ Lead to In-River ‘Sinks’ in Conservation?
Johnson, R. C., Weber, P., Wikert, J., Workman, M., Macfarlane, R., Grove, M., & Schmitt, A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028880 · Cited by 64
Self-citationSemhi, K., Clauer, N., & Probst, J. (2000) · doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(00)00226-6 · Cited by 63
Designing Optimal Flow Patterns for Fall Chinook Salmon in a Central Valley, California, River
Jager, H., & Rose, K. A. (2003) · North American Journal of Fisheries Management · doi:10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023 · Cited by 61
The Decline of Anadromous Fishes in California
Moyle, P. (1994) · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030863-4.x · Cited by 60 · cited 1×
“It is also a highly modified system, with>70% of spawning habitat lost or degraded as a result of mining activities, dam construction, and water diversions [4,12].”
BackgroundWells, B., Grimes, C., & Waldvogel, J. (2007) · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2419.2007.00437.x · Cited by 58 · cited 1×
“Selection for one strategy over another may vary as a function of freshwater and/or marine conditions [10,15].”
BackgroundCavallo, B. J., Merz, J. E., & Setka, J. (2013) · Environmental Biology of Fishes · doi:10.1007/s10641-012-9993-5 · Cited by 47
Zeug, S., Sellheim, K., Watry, C., Wikert, J., & Merz, J. E. (2014) · Fisheries Management and Ecology · doi:10.1111/fme.12063 · Cited by 44
Self-citationPerry, R. W., Brandes, P. L., Burau, J. R., Klimley, A., MacFarlane, B., Michel, C., & Skalski, J. (2013) · Environmental Biology of Fishes · doi:10.1007/s10641-012-9984-6 · Cited by 44
Spence, B., & Hall, J. D. (2010) · doi:10.1139/f10-060 · Cited by 34 · cited 2×
“CCV Chinook salmon are at the southern margin of their species range, and are subjected to highly variable patterns in precipitation and ocean conditions [4,11].”
BackgroundVariability in fish size/otolith radius relationships among populations of Chinook salmon
Zabel, R., Haught, K., & Chittaro, P. (2010) · Environmental Biology of Fishes · doi:10.1007/s10641-010-9678-x · Cited by 29
Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in and Around the San Francisco Estuary
Williams, J. G. (2012) · San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science · doi:10.15447/sfews.2012v10iss3art2 · Cited by 18 · cited 2×
“Correlations between fry migration, flow, and turbidity are commonly reported in the literature [14,53,54], and are suggested to have evolved as a result of reduced predation from visual piscivores [14,27,55,56].”
BackgroundEwing, R. D., & Ewing, G. (2002) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00755-4 · Cited by 14
Marston, D., Mesick, C., Hubbard, A., Stanton, D., Fortmann-Roe, S., Tsao, S., & Heyne, T. (2012) · doi:10.15447/sfews.2012v10iss4art3 · Cited by 6 · cited 1×
“A high occurrence of straying of fall-run Chinook salmon occurs between the San Joaquin and Sacramento basins [86–88], potentially due to the relative outflows during the return migration as well as hatchery release practices [89].”
BackgroundSelf-citationStructure and composition of the Aleutian island arc and implications for continental crustal growth
Steven Holbrook, W., Lizarralde, D., McGeary, S., Bangs, N., & Diebold, J. (1999) · Geology · doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
34 of the 92 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 15
- DR Montgomery, 2000, Coevolution of the Pacific salmon and Pacific Rim topography, Geology, 28, 1107, 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<1107:COTPSA>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
- Yoshiyama RM, Gerstung ER, Fisher FW, Moyle PB (2001) Historical and Present Distribution of Chinook Salmon in the Central Valley Drainage of California. In: Brown RL, editor. Contributions to the biology of Central Valley salmonids, Vol 1 Fish Bulletin No 179. Sacramento. pp. 71–176.
- RB MacFarlane, 2002, Physiological ecology of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at the southern end of their distribution, the San Francisco Estuary and Gulf of the Farallones, California, Fishery Bulletin, 100, 244
- MJ Unwin, 1997, Survival of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, from a spawning tributary of the Rakaia Rivet. New Zealand, in relation to spring and summer mainstem flows, Fishery Bulletin, 95, 812
- RG Titus, 2004, Use of Otolith Microstructure to Estimate Growth Rates of Juvenile Chinook Salmon from a Central Valley, California Stock. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 39, 181
- Genz A, Bretz F, Miwa T, Mi Z, Leisch F, Scheipl F, et al. (2014) Multivariate Normal and t Distributions. In: CRAN, editor. http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mvtnorm/mvtnorm.pdf. · DOI
- Demko D (2003) Chapter 6 Complimentary Studies Related to the VAMP. Evaluation of Chinook salmon fry survival in the Stanislaus River: biological response to supplemental winter flow pulse In: SJRGA, editor. 2003 Annual Technical Report.
- SJRGA (2003) Chapter 5 Salmon Smolt Survival Investigations.
- BR Beckman, 1998, Relation of Fish Size and Growth Rate to Migration of Spring Chinook Salmon Smolts, North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 18, 537, 10.1577/1548-8675(1998)018<0537:ROFSAG>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
- JW Burns, 1971, The carrying capacity for juvenile salmonids in some northern California streams, California Fish and Game, 57, 44
- Kjelson M, Raquel P, Fisher F (1981) Influences of freshwater inflow on Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawystcha) in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary. In: Cross RD, Williams DL, editors. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Freshwater Inflow to Estuaries: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. pp. 88–108.
- SJRGA (2013) Chapter 5: Salmon smolt survival investigations. In: San Joaquin River Group Authority, editor. On implementation and monitoring of the San Joquin River Agreement and the Vernalis Adaptive Management Plan (VAMP): 2011 Annual Technical Report: California Water Resources Control Board in compliance with D-1641.
- SM Sogard, 1997, Size-Selective Mortality in the Juvenile Stage of Teleost Fishes: A Review, Bulletin of Marine Science, 60, 1129
- J Hjort, 1914, Fluctuations in the great fisheries of Northern Europe, Conseil Permanent International Pour L'Exploration De La Mer, 20, 1
- Mesick C (in review) The proportion of hatchery fish in California’s Central Valley fall-run Chinook salmon escapements from 1980 to 2010.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Shifting habitat mosaics and fish production across river basins
Brennan, S. R., Schindler, D., Cline, T., Walsworth, T., Buck, G., & Fernandez, D. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav4313 · Cited by 154
Crozier, L., Mcclure, M. M., Beechie, T., Bograd, S., Boughton, D., Carr, M. H., Cooney, T., Dunham, J. B., Greene, C., Haltuch, M., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217711 · Cited by 127
Self-citationReis-Santos, P., Gillanders, B., Sturrock, A., Izzo, C., Oxman, D., Lueders-Dumont, J., Hüssy, K., Tanner, S., Rogers, T. A., Doubleday, Z., et al. (2022) · Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries · doi:10.1007/s11160-022-09720-z · Cited by 97
Self-citationEnvironmental conditions and prey-switching by a seabird predator impact juvenile salmon survival
Wells, B., Santora, J., Henderson, M., Warzybok, P., Jahncke, J., Bradley, R., Huff, D., Schroeder, I., Nelson, P., Field, J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Marine Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2017.05.008 · Cited by 89
“We accommodated the likelihood that Sacramento River discharge affected survival of tagged release groups (Newman and Brandes, 2010; Sturrock et al., 2015) by including a covariate for discharge from a location north of release locations, 1983–2012 (Table 1).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUnnatural selection of salmon life histories in a modified riverscape
Sturrock, A., Carlson, S., Wikert, J., Heyne, T., Nusslé, S., Merz, J. E., Sturrock, H. J. W., & Johnson, R. C. (2019) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14896 · Cited by 83
Self-citationEndangered winter-run Chinook salmon rely on diverse rearing habitats in a highly altered landscape
Phillis, C., Sturrock, A., Johnson, R. C., & Weber, P. (2018) · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.023 · Cited by 56
“To reconstruct the habitat-use of juvenile winter run, habitat classification rules were developed using a baseline of (87)Sr/(86)Sr signatures for salmon habitats in the Sacramento Basin and freshwater Delta (Weber, 2002; Barnett-Johnson et al., 2008; Sturrock et al., 2015), updated to ensure extensive spatial and te…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationManaging for Salmon Resilience in California’s Variable and Changing Climate
Herbold, B., Carlson, S., Henery, R. E., Johnson, R. C., Mantua, N., McClure, M., Moyle, P., & Sommer, T. R. (2018) · San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science · doi:10.15447/sfews.2018v16iss2art3 · Cited by 51
“In some years, juvenile salmon that leave their natal rivers as small fry (<55 mm) and rear for several months downstream become a large proportion of adult returns (Miller et al. 2010; Sturrock et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThreatened salmon rely on a rare life history strategy in a warming landscape
Cordoleani, F., Phillis, C., Sturrock, A., FitzGerald, A., Malkassian, A., Whitman, G., Weber, P. K., & Johnson, R. C. (2021) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01186-4 · Cited by 50
Self-citationMichel, C. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/cjfas-2018-0140 · Cited by 49
Buchanan, R., Brandes, P. L., & Skalski, J. (2018) · North American Journal of Fisheries Management · doi:10.1002/nafm.10063 · Cited by 48
“…that exit the Stanislaus River as parr (i.e., rear in the lower San Joaquin River or Delta) sometimes have higher survival to adult return than do fish that exit the Stanislaus River as smolts, which are expected to be better represented by the acoustic-telemetry study fish (Sturrock et al. 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialMunsch, S., Greene, C., Mantua, N., & Satterthwaite, W. (2022) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16029 · Cited by 44
“Within this landscape and climate are salmon spawning populations at the southern extent of their species’ natural range that require cold, amply- flowing water (e.g., Michel, 2019; Notch et al., 2020; Sturrock et al., 2015).”
BackgroundDavid, B., Jarvis, M. G., Özkundakci, D., Collier, K., Hicks, A., & Reid, M. (2019) · Aquatic conservation · doi:10.1002/aqc.3022 · Cited by 32
Fishery collapse, recovery, and the cryptic decline of wild salmon on a major California river
Willmes, M., Hobbs, J., Sturrock, A., Bess, Z., Lewis, L. S., Glessner, J., Johnson, R. C., Kurth, R., & Kindopp, J. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/cjfas-2017-0273 · Cited by 29
“…87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio baseline for the Sacramento River System was compiled from published data (Ingram et al. 1999; Barnett-Johnson et al. 2008; Sturrock et al. 2015) and newly collected water and otolith samples of known origin from five locations along the Feather River, from the FRH, and…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationNOAA-NMFS, Johnson, R. C., Windell, S., Brandes, P. L., Service, U. S. F. A. W., Conrad, J. L., Ferguson, J. W., Anchor, Q. E. A., Goertler, P. A. L., Harvey, B. N., et al. (2017) · San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science · doi:10.15447/sfews.2017v15iss3art1 · Cited by 37
“These techniques are well established and widely used (Barnett–Johnson et al. 2005, 2008; Sturrock et al. 2015; Johnson et al. 2016; Figure 13).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationWillmes, M., Glessner, J., Carleton, S., Gerrity, P. C., & Hobbs, J. (2016) · doi:10.1139/cjfas-2016-0103 · Cited by 28
“…coupled plasma mass 36 spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS) techniques is a well-established tool used to retrospectively 37 determine fine scale provenance and migration history (e.g., Barnett-Johnson et al. 2005; 38 Hobbs et al. 2005, 2010; Sturrock et al. 2015; Brennan et al. 2015; Chase et al. 2015).”
MethodSelf-citationLifetime Chronicles of Selenium Exposure Linked to Deformities in an Imperiled Migratory Fish.
Johnson, R. C., Stewart, A., Limburg, K., Huang, R., Cocherell, D., & Feyrer, F. (2020) · Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b06419 · Cited by 27
Self-citationCordoleani, F., Notch, J. J., McHuron, A. S., Ammann, A., & Michel, C. (2018) · Transactions of the American Fisheries Society · doi:10.1002/tafs.10008 · Cited by 25
“Studies that aim to quantify the proportion of returning adults with the different out-migration life histories (e.g., Sturrock et al. 2015) would be needed to place the smolt outmigration life history studied here into a broader context.”
BackgroundNotch, J. J., McHuron, A. S., Michel, C., Cordoleani, F., Johnson, M. R., Henderson, M., & Ammann, A. (2020) · Environmental Biology of Fishes · doi:10.1007/s10641-020-00952-1 · Cited by 24
Goertler, P., Jones, K., Cordell, J., Schreier, B., & Sommer, T. (2018) · Transactions of the American Fisheries Society · doi:10.1002/tafs.10028 · Cited by 24
Anadromous Salmonids in the Delta: New Science 2006-2016
Perry, R. W., Buchanan, R., Brandes, P. L., Burau, J. R., & Israel, J. (2016) · San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science · doi:10.15447/sfews.2016v14iss2art7 · Cited by 23
“Sturrock et al. (2015) also concluded that improvements in the estimates of the emigrating juvenile population size would facilitate efforts to understand the role of fry and parr in salmon population dynamics.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWoo, I., Davis, M. J., Ellings, C. S., Hodgson, S., Takekawa, J. Y., Nakai, G., & De La Cruz, S. E. W. (2019) · Estuaries and Coasts · doi:10.1007/s12237-019-00613-2 · Cited by 23
Modeling composite effects of marine and freshwater processes on migratory species
Friedman, W., Martin, B. T., Wells, B., Warzybok, P., Michel, C., Danner, E., & Lindley, S. (2019) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.2743 · Cited by 22
Nonlinear survival of imperiled fish informs managed flows in a highly modified river
Michel, C., Notch, J. J., Cordoleani, F., Ammann, A., & Danner, E. (2021) · doi:10.1002/ecs2.3498 · Cited by 21
Dedrick, A. G., & Baskett, M. (2018) · American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/697581 · Cited by 19
Quantifying habitat use of migratory fish across riverscapes using space‐time isotope models
Brennan, S. R., Cline, T., & Schindler, D. (2019) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.13191 · Cited by 18
“Because otolith growth accumulates linearly with the growth in length of fish during juvenile stages (Neilson & Geen, 1982; Sturrock et al., 2015; Walker & Sutton, 2016), a fish's body mass scales with otolith growth approximately by a power of three (Walsworth, Schindler, Griffiths, & Zimmerman,…”
BackgroundValidating Fin Ray Microchemistry as a Tool to Reconstruct the Migratory History of White Sturgeon
Sellheim, K., Willmes, M., Hobbs, J., Glessner, J., Jackson, Z., & Merz, J. E. (2017) · doi:10.1080/00028487.2017.1320305 · Cited by 18
Self-citationAlternative migratory strategies are widespread in subyearling Chinook salmon
Apgar, T., Merz, J. E., Martin, B. T., & Palkovacs, E. (2020) · Ecology Of Freshwater Fish · doi:10.1111/eff.12570 · Cited by 17
Goertler, P., Sommer, T. R., Satterthwaite, W., & Schreier, B. M. (2018) · Ecology Of Freshwater Fish · doi:10.1111/eff.12372 · Cited by 16
“…2006; Dawley et al., 1986; Healey, 1982; Walsworth, Schindler, Griffiths, & Zimmerman, 2015), both fish size and occurrence are thought to be important indicators of variation (Miller, Gray, & Merz, 2010; Sturrock et al., 2015) and fish success (Duffy & Beauchamp, 2011; Woodson et al., 2013).”
Geochemical Tools Identify the Origins of Chinook Salmon Returning to a Restored Creek
Willmes, M., Jacinto, E. E., Lewis, L. S., Fichman, R., Bess, Z., Singer, G., Steel, A., Moyle, P., Rypel, A., Fangue, N., et al. (2020) · Fisheries · doi:10.1002/fsh.10516 · Cited by 15
“…rivers and Chinook Salmon hatcheries was compiled from published water and juvenile otolith data (Ingram and Weber 1999; Barnett-Johnson et al. 2008; Sturrock et al. 2015, 2019a; Phillis et al. 2018; Willmes et al. 2018a) and augmented with new data based on juvenile Chinook Salmon in Putah Creek.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationRestoring freshwater habitat mosaics to promote resilience of vulnerable salmon populations
Cordoleani, F., Phillis, C., Sturrock, A., Willmes, M., Whitman, G., Holmes, E., Weber, P., Jeffres, C., & Johnson, R. C. (2024) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.4803 · Cited by 13
Self-citationSwimming behavior of emigrating Chinook Salmon smolts
Holleman, R., Gross, E., Thomas, M. J., Rypel, A., & Fangue, N. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263972 · Cited by 11
Assessment of Juvenile Chinook Salmon Rearing Habitat Potential Prior to Species Reintroduction
Zeug, S., Wiesenfeld, J. C., Sellheim, K., Brodsky, A., & Merz, J. E. (2019) · North American Journal of Fisheries Management · doi:10.1002/nafm.10309 · Cited by 11
Goertler, P. A. L., Scheuerell, M. D., Simenstad, C. A., & Bottom, D. L. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162121 · Cited by 10
Källo, K., Kim, B.-G., Baktoft, H., Bekkevold, D., Lesher, C., Grønkjær, P., Barfod, G., Johnson, R. C., Whitman, G., Willmes, M., et al. (2023) · Ecology of Freshwater Fish · doi:10.1111/eff.12760 · Cited by 10
Self-citationDiversity in Habitat Use by White Sturgeon Revealed Using Fin Ray Geochemistry
Sellheim, K., Willmes, M., Lewis, L. S., Sweeney, J., Merz, J. E., & Hobbs, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.859038 · Cited by 9
Thompson, T., O'Leary, S. J., O'Rourke, S., Tarsa, C., Baerwald, M., Goertler, P., & Meek, M. (2024) · Evolutionary Applications · doi:10.1111/eva.13705 · Cited by 8
“Juvenile survival rates strongly affect the number of adults returning in subsequent years (Michel, 2019; Sturrock et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialPotential Impact of Climate Change on Salmonid Smolt Ecology
Vehanen, T., Sutela, T., & Huusko, A. (2023) · Fishes · doi:10.3390/fishes8070382 · Cited by 8
“In salmonids, genetic diversity combined with developmental flexibility leads to numerous pathways to residency, migration, or maturation [106], and especially among Pacific salmon, there are also other phenotypes than smolts out-migrating rivers [107,108].”
BackgroundBoughton, D., Harrison, L., John, S. N., Bond, R., Nicol, C., Legleiter, C., & Richardson, R. (2021) · Transactions of the American Fisheries Society · doi:10.1002/tafs.10334 · Cited by 8
Threatened salmon rely on a rare life history strategy in a modified and warming landscape
Cordoleani, F., Phllis, C., Sturrock, A., FitzGerald, A., Whitman, G., Malkassian, A., Weber, P., & Johnson, R. C. (2021) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-378191/v1 · Cited by 8
Self-citationLeveraging Delta Smelt Monitoring for Detecting Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the San Francisco Estuary
Mahardja, B., Mitchell, L., Beakes, M., Johnston, C., Graham, C. J., Goertler, P., Barnard, D., Castillo, G., & Matthias, B. (2021) · San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science · doi:10.15447/sfews.2021v19iss1art2 · Cited by 8
“As such, both occupancy and detection probability estimates were at their highest in February and March—the months in which we would expect a higher catch of salmon catch within our December−March study period (Yoshiyama et al. 1998; Sturrock et al. 2015).”
Floodplain trophic subsidies in a modified river network: managed foodscapes of the future?
Sturrock, A., Ogaz, M., Neal, K., Corline, N. J., Peek, R., Myers, D., Schluep, S., Levinson, M., Johnson, R. C., & Jeffres, C. (2022) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-022-01526-5 · Cited by 7
Self-citationVariation in Juvenile Salmon Growth Opportunities Across a Shifting Habitat Mosaic
Coleman, L., Johnson, R. C., Cordoleani, F., Phillis, C., & Sturrock, A. (2022) · San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science · doi:10.15447/sfews.2022v20iss20art1 · Cited by 7
“Figure 3 Illustration of how we coupled the otolith strontium isotope ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) measurements and daily growth increment widths for juvenile fall-run Chinook Salmon that reared in ( A ) the American River, ( B ) the Delta, and ( C ) both habitats (“intermediate” fish, which was only observed once in this data set…”
InfluentialSelf-citationInter-annual dispersal stability within the Atlantic salmon metapopulation from the Bay of Biscay
Fontaine, A., Vignon, M., Tabouret, H., Holub, A., Barranco, G., Bosc, S., Caux, I., Nachón, D., Elso, J., Caballero, P., et al. (2025) · Fisheries Research · doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2025.107323 · Cited by 6
Bell-Tilcock, M., Jeffres, C., Rypel, A., Willmes, M., Armstrong, R., Holden, P., Moyle, P., Fangue, N., Katz, J. V. E., Sommer, T. R., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257444 · Cited by 6
Self-citationSridharan, V., Jackson, D., Hein, A., Perry, R. W., Pope, A. C., Hendrix, N., Danner, E., & Lindley, S. (2023) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110393 · Cited by 6
Donohoe, C. J., Rundio, D. E., Pearse, D. E., & Williams, T. (2021) · doi:10.1002/nafm.10577 · Cited by 5
Juvenile life history, migration, and habitat use of natural-versus hatchery-origin Chinook Salmon
Chen, E. K., Lumahan, K., Johnson, R. C., Phillis, C., Whitman, G., Sturrock, A., Satterthwaite, W. H., & Carlson, S. M. (2025) · Transactions of the American Fisheries Society · doi:10.1093/tafafs/vnaf021 · Cited by 4
Self-citationGoertler, P., Johnston, M., Michel, C., Grimes, T., Singer, G., Notch, J. J., & Sommer, T. (2024) · Water · doi:10.3390/w16172529 · Cited by 4
Ten Essential Bay‒Delta Articles
Sommer, T. R., Conrad, J. L., & Culberson, S. (2019) · San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science · doi:10.15447/sfews.2019v17iss2art1 · Cited by 4
“Additional key related papers: Perry et al. (2010); Carlson and Satterthwaite (2011): Goertler et al. (2018); A.M. Sturrock et al. (2015); Phillis et al. (2018).”
BackgroundBrown, R. A., Stieve, J. G., Sellheim, K., & Merz, J. E. (2025) · Earth Surface Processes and Landforms · doi:10.1002/esp.70165 · Cited by 3
“Rearing in the Stanislaus River occurs from January to June, depending on run timing, flow and temperature (Sturrock et al., 2015).”
Sellheim, K. L., Scherer, A. E., Brown, R. A., Anderson, J. T., Sweeney, J., & Merz, J. E. (2025) · North American Journal of Fisheries Management · doi:10.1093/najfmt/vqae003 · Cited by 5
Sorel, M. H., Murdoch, A., Zabel, R., Kamphaus, C. M., Buhle, E., Scheuerell, M., & Converse, S. (2023) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.10087 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, flow may be a proximate trigger for migration, or may be directly related to a proximate trigger such as growth rate (Rich et al., 2009; Sturrock et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMeyers, E. M. (2021) · California Fish and Wildlife Journal · doi:10.51492/cfwj.cesasi.8 · Cited by 3
“The variation in expression and success of different rearing strategies in winter-run Chinook Salmon is uncertain, but research on Central Valley fall-run Chinook Salmon indicates that successful rearing and migration strategies vary with hydrologic regime (Sturrock et al. 2015).”
BackgroundHegg, J. C., Fisher, C., & Vervoort, J. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.060640 · Cited by 3
“…of fish populations (Walther and Thorrold 2008, Muhlfeld et al. 2012, Brennan and Schindler 2017), as well as the details of their migratory paths (Hegg et al. 2015, 2019, Sturrock et al. 2015b, Chittaro et al. 2019), sometimes with incredible precision on the landscape (Hamann and Kennedy 2012).”
BackgroundKoeberle, A. L., Arismendi, I., Crittenden, W., Prinzio, C. D. D., Gomez-Uchida, D., Noakes, D., & Richardson, S. E. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/cjfas-2019-0280 · Cited by 3
“…(for 98.5% shape 202 reconstruction accuracy) to identify angles along the outline (0°-360°) that resulted in the most Page 9 of 58 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjfas-pubs Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Draft 10 203 variation (Tuset et al. 2015; Libungan and Pálsson 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialFeyrer, F., Whitman, G., Young, M., & Johnson, R. C. (2019) · Marine and Freshwater Research · doi:10.1071/mf18264 · Cited by 3
“Given that a variety of physical, biological and social factors are known to drive salmonid outmigration from natal habitats (Quinn 2011; Zeug et al. 2014; Sturrock et al. 2015), further study on Clear Lake hitch is warranted because it is likely to generate information useful for guiding stream habitat restoration.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHow Scientists Reveal The Secret Migrations of Fish
Morais, P., Dias, E., Cerveira, I., Carlson, S. M., Johnson, R. C., & Sturrock, A. M. (2018) · Frontiers for Young Minds · doi:10.3389/frym.2018.00067 · Cited by 3
Self-citationJuvenile salmonids transit through marine waters to access non-natal habitats for rearing
Chamberlin, J., Lambert, M. R., Beamer, E., Zackey, W. T., Small, D., Cereghino, P., & Ehinger, S. (2026) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/cjfas-2024-0313 · Cited by 2
Arai, K., Willmes, M., Johnson, R. C., & Sturrock, A. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.08.19.671102 · Cited by 2
“Time-series feature extraction may be especially suitable for species where environmental signals are overlaid onto consistent ontogenetic patterns, a phenomenon commonly observed in otolith chemical records linked to individual physiology (Sturrock et al., 2015).”
Self-citationPeterson, M., Pilger, T., Guignard, J., Fuller, A., & Demko, D. (2023) · San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science · doi:10.15447/sfews.2023v21iss4art4 · Cited by 2
Windell, S., Brandes, P. L., Conrad, J., Ferguson, J., Goertler, P., Harvey, B. N., Heublein, J. C., Israel, J., Kratville, D. W., Kirsch, J. E., et al. (2017) · doi:10.7289/v5/tm-swfsc-586 · Cited by 2
“In the CV, there is evidence for diverse juvenile migratory phenotypes contributing to the adult population (Miller et al. 2010, Sturrock et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCominassi, L., Molinari, G. S., Chandler, A., Chinthaka, S., Hartz, K. E. H., Whitledge, G., Connon, R., Lydy, M., & Segarra, A. (2026) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128195 · Cited by 1
A Modern Ghost Story: Increased Selective Mortality of Salmon Under Climate Extremes
Sturrock, A., Sellheim, K., Merz, J. J., Sweeney, J., Bell-Tilcock, M., Whitman, G., Arai, K., Willmes, M., Jeffres, C., & Johnson, R. C. (2026) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.70854 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLife history diversity of Hoh River winter steelhead based on three decades of scale analysis
Claiborne, A. M., Anderson, A., Ohlberger, J., Losee, J., Hoffman, B., & Whitney, J. (2026) · North American Journal of Fisheries Management · doi:10.1093/najfmt/vqaf124 · Cited by 1
Xuan, Z., Wang, S., Yang, Y.-P., Wang, Y., Wang, C.-R., Yu, J.-X., & Liu, K. (2025) · Aquatic conservation · doi:10.1002/aqc.70243 · Cited by 1
Hrabik, T., Olson, K., Kaspar, T., Sierszen, M., & Matthias, B. (2023) · Journal of Great Lakes research · doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2023.01.009 · Cited by 1
Ehlo, C. A., Cavallo, B. J., Ross, K., & Zeug, S. (2026) · bioRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.09.24.754146
“Following emergence, flow continues to affect fry and parr by altering rearing habitat quality, food delivery rates, and migratory cues (Harvey et al. 2006; Zeug et al. 2014; Sturrock et al. 2015; Warkentin et al. 2022).”
InfluentialBetts, P., Næsje, T., O'Gorman, E., Paterson, R. A., Tonstad, A. M., Moccetti, C., & Sturrock, A. (2026) · Ecological Solutions and Evidence · doi:10.1002/2688-8319.70277
Self-citationBrennan, K., Sturrock, A. M., Willmes, M., Arai, K., Phillis, C. C., Weber, P. M., & Johnson, R. C. (2026) · North American Journal of Fisheries Management · doi:10.1093/najfmt/vqag027 · Cited by 1
Self-citationFontaine, A., Vignon, M., Tabouret, H., Pécheyran, C., & Bareille, G. (2024) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.15829
Life history and environmental correlates of survival rates in tropical birds
Scholer, M. N. (2020) · doi:10.14288/1.0390316
“Furthermore, behavioral traits, such as migratory habit, also play a functional role in mediating life-history trade-offs (Weimerskirch et al. 2015, Sturrock et al. 2015, Satterfield et al. 2018), and thus covary predictably with life-history traits (Réale et al. 2010).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Sturrock, A. M., Wikert, J. D., Heyne, T., Mesick, C., Hubbard, A. E., Hinkelman, T. M., Weber, P. K., Whitman, G. E., Glessner, J. J., & Johnson, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Cramer Fish Sciences (United States) (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sturrock, Anna M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-05-20
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e0122380
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4439044
- OpenAlex
- W1482154322
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (vor)
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (acceptedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DEAC5207NA27344, AC52‐07NA27344, Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344)
- U.S. Department of the Interior
- University of California, Santa Cruz (DE-AC52-07NA27344)
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife
- Bureau of Reclamation
- University of California, Davis (DE-AC52-07NA27344)
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (DE‐AC5207NA27344, Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344, AC52-07NA27344)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Fish Ecology and Management Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Marine and fisheries research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Fish Biology and Ecology Studies
- Keywords
- Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, migratory phenotype, life history diversity, hydrological regime, drought, fry survival, smolt survival, size-selective mortality, Stanislaus River, Central Valley, climate change, population sustainability
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, California, Phenotype, Salmon, Animal Migration, Rivers, Climate Change, Hydrology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
