Efficacy of a multi-level intervention to reduce injecting and sexual risk behaviors among HIV-infected people who inject drugs in Vietnam: a four-arm randomized controlled trial
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INTRODUCTION: Injecting drug use is a primary driver of HIV epidemics in many countries. People who inject drugs (PWID) and are HIV infected are often doubly stigmatized and many encounter difficulties reducing risk behaviors. Prevention interventions for HIV-infected PWID that provide enhanced support at the individual, family, and community level to facilitate risk-reduction are needed. METHODS: 455 HIV-infected PWID and 355 of their HIV negative injecting network members living in 32 sub-districts in Thai Nguyen Province were enrolled. We conducted a two-stage randomization: First, sub-districts were randomized to either a community video screening and house-to-house visits or standard of care educational pamphlets. Second, within each sub-district, participants were randomized to receive either enhanced individual level post-test counseling and group support sessions or standard of care HIV testing and counseling. This resulted in four arms: 1) standard of care; 2) community level intervention; 3) individual level intervention; and 4) community plus individual intervention. Follow-up was conducted at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Primary outcomes were self-reported HIV injecting and sexual risk behaviors. Secondary outcomes included HIV incidence among HIV negative network members. RESULTS: Fewer participants reported sharing injecting equipment and unprotected sex from baseline to 24 months in all arms (77% to 4% and 24% to 5% respectively). There were no significant differences at the 24-month visit among the 4 arms (Wald = 3.40 (3 df); p = 0.33; Wald = 6.73 (3 df); p = 0.08). There were a total of 4 HIV seroconversions over 24 months with no significant difference between intervention and control arms. DISCUSSION: Understanding the mechanisms through which all arms, particularly the control arm, demonstrated both low risk behaviors and low HIV incidence has important implications for policy and prevention programming. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01689545.
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A prior study assessing a multi-level, 4-session stigma intervention to reduce risks of PWH who inject drugs in Vietnam found no change in either HIV or substance use stigma over two years.
“Consistently, a prior study assessing a multi-level, 4-session stigma intervention to reduce risks of PWH who inject drugs in Vietnam found no change in either HIV or substance use stigma over two years.32”
From An acceptance-based, intersectional stigma coping intervention for people with HIV who inject drugs—a randomized clinical trial (2023) · cites this paper as [32]
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HIV Disclosure and Unprotected Sex Among Vietnamese Men with a History of Drug Use
Li, L., Luo, S., Rogers, B., Lee, S., & Tuấn, N. A. (2016) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-016-1648-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chan, M. S., Liu, S., White, B., Zhang, A., Zhou, Y., Leung, M., Dai, W., Liu, X., Durantini, M. R., Ye, Q., et al. (2023) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000827 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chockalingam, L., Pence, B. W., Frangakis, C., Ha, T. V., Latkin, C. A., Sripaipan, T., Quan, V. M., & Go, V. F.-L. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.03.008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of depression in HIV transmission among people who inject drugs in Vietnam
Levintow, S. N. (2020) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/cqjf-5825
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Self-citationEnhancing quality of life through tailored interventions for men living with HIV
Pham, T. Q., Wu, Q., Pan, C., Ha, L., Bui, T. C., Sujan, M. S. H., Schensul, S. L., Shrestha, R., Le, N. T., & Ha, T. (2026) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-025-04146-z
Self-citation
- Authors
- Go, V. F., Frangakis, C., Minh, N. L., Latkin, C., Ha, T. V., Mo, T. T., Sripaipan, T., Davis, W. W., Zelaya, C., Vu, P. T., Celentano, D. D., & Quan, V. M.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Go, Vivian F.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-05-26
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e0125909
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4444299
- OpenAlex
- W390361523
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 4.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA022962)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI102710)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- people who inject drugs, HIV infection, intravenous drug use, sexual risk behavior, injecting equipment sharing, HIV prevention, multilevel interventions, community-based intervention, post-test counseling, group support, HIV seroconversion, stigma, Vietnam
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sexual Behavior, Vietnam, HIV Infections, Substance Abuse, Intravenous, Incidence, Treatment Outcome, Unsafe Sex, Young Adult
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