Cited by 381Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychometric Methodologies and TestingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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A Reconsideration of the Self-Compassion Scale’s Total Score: Self-Compassion versus Self-Criticism

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López, Angélica, Sanderman, Robbert, Smink, Ans, Zhang, Ying, van Sonderen, Eric, Ranchor, Adelita, Schroevers, Maya J.·2015·PLOS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0132940PMC PMC4508060

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Abstract

The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) is currently the only self-report instrument to measure self-compassion. The SCS is widely used despite the limited evidence for the scale's psychometric properties, with validation studies commonly performed in college students. The current study examined the factor structure, reliability, and construct validity of the SCS in a large representative sample from the community. The study was conducted in 1,736 persons, of whom 1,643 were included in the analyses. Besides the SCS, data was collected on positive and negative indicators of psychological functioning, as well as on rumination and neuroticism. Analyses included confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), exploratory factor analyses (EFA), and correlations. CFA showed that the SCS's proposed six-factor structure could not be replicated. EFA suggested a two-factor solution, formed by the positively and negatively formulated items respectively. Internal consistency was good for the two identified factors. The negative factor (i.e., sum score of the negatively formulated items) correlated moderately to strongly to negative affect, depressive symptoms, perceived stress, as well as to rumination and neuroticism. Compared to this negative factor, the positive factor (i.e., sum score of the positively formulated items) correlated weaker to these indicators, and relatively more strongly to positive affect. Results from this study do not justify the common use of the SCS total score as an overall indicator of self-compassion, and provide support for the idea, as also assumed by others, that it is important to make a distinction between self-compassion and self-criticism.

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Authors: López, A., Sanderman, R., Smink, A., Zhang, Y., van Sonderen, E., Ranchor, A., & Schroevers, M. J.
Affiliations: University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
Lingnan University (HK)
Corresponding author: Schroevers, Maya J.
ORCID: López, Angélica
Sanderman, Robbert
Zhang, Ying
Ranchor, Adelita
Schroevers, Maya J.
Venue: PLOS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2015-07-20
Volume: 10
Issue: 7
Pages: e0132940
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132940
PMC: PMC4508060
OpenAlex: W1042705540
Cited by: 380
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 3
FWCI: 36.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Digital Commons - Lingnan (Lingnan University) (submittedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: Self-Compassion Scale, self-compassion, self-criticism, scale validation, factor structure, construct validity, reliability statistics, negative affect, depressive symptoms, perceived stress, rumination, neuroticism
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Depression, Empathy, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Self Report

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A Reconsideration of the Self-Compassion Scale’s Total Score: Self-Compassion versus Self-Criticism

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