Cited by 381Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychometric Methodologies and TestingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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A Reconsideration of the Self-Compassion Scale’s Total Score: Self-Compassion versus Self-Criticism

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López, Angélica, Sanderman, Robbert, Smink, Ans, Zhang, Ying, van Sonderen, Eric, Ranchor, Adelita, Schroevers, Maya J.·2015·PLOS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0132940PMC PMC4508060

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Abstract

The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) is currently the only self-report instrument to measure self-compassion. The SCS is widely used despite the limited evidence for the scale's psychometric properties, with validation studies commonly performed in college students. The current study examined the factor structure, reliability, and construct validity of the SCS in a large representative sample from the community. The study was conducted in 1,736 persons, of whom 1,643 were included in the analyses. Besides the SCS, data was collected on positive and negative indicators of psychological functioning, as well as on rumination and neuroticism. Analyses included confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), exploratory factor analyses (EFA), and correlations. CFA showed that the SCS's proposed six-factor structure could not be replicated. EFA suggested a two-factor solution, formed by the positively and negatively formulated items respectively. Internal consistency was good for the two identified factors. The negative factor (i.e., sum score of the negatively formulated items) correlated moderately to strongly to negative affect, depressive symptoms, perceived stress, as well as to rumination and neuroticism. Compared to this negative factor, the positive factor (i.e., sum score of the positively formulated items) correlated weaker to these indicators, and relatively more strongly to positive affect. Results from this study do not justify the common use of the SCS total score as an overall indicator of self-compassion, and provide support for the idea, as also assumed by others, that it is important to make a distinction between self-compassion and self-criticism.

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Self-critical rumination as a mediator between attachment orientations and perceived stress: Evidence from a cross-cultural validation of the self-critical rumination scale
Moreira, H., & Maia, B. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-0025-2 · Cited by 21
The Polish adaptation of the Self-Compassion Scale Short Form
Holas, P., Szewczuk, J., Rusanowska, M., Krejtz, I., Jankowski, T., & Nezlek, J. (2024) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/172115 · Cited by 14
“…do dużych) między współczuciem dla siebie i cechą uważności oraz między współczuciem dla siebie a wskaźnikami zdrowia psychicznego i dobrostanu [28, 35, 36], przewidywaliśmy istotne korelacje między współczuciem do siebie (wynik całkowity) a cechą mindfulness (MAAS), skalą samooceny (SES),…”
Background
How Self-Compassion Operates within Individuals: An Examination of Latent Profiles of State Self-Compassion in the U.S. and Japan
Miyagawa, Y., & Neff, K. D. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02143-2 · Cited by 17
“Partner in Prime”? Effects of repeated mobile security priming on attachment security and perceived stress in daily life
Oehler, M., & Psouni, E. (2018) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2018.1517811 · Cited by 18
Diabetes-Specific Self-Compassion: A New Measure for Parents of Youth With Type 1 Diabetes
Tanenbaum, M. L., Adams, R. N., Wong, J. J., & Hood, K. K. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa011 · Cited by 17
Boosting Psychological Well-Being through a Social Mindfulness-Based Intervention in the General Population
Fazia, T., Bubbico, F., Salvato, G., Berzuini, G., Bruno, S., Bottini, G., & Bernardinelli, L. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17228404 · Cited by 18
The Compassionate Engagement and Action Scales for Self and Others: Turkish Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability Study
Arı, E., Soysal, G. C., Basran, J. K., & Gilbert, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.780077 · Cited by 14
Self-Compassion Correlates of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Youth: A Comparison of Two Self-Compassion Measures
Muris, P., Bongers, K., Schenning, C., Meesters, C. M. G., & Otgaar, H. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9121930 · Cited by 21
From Self to Others: Examining the Association Between Self-Compassion and Prosocial Behavior in Chinese Adolescents Using Latent Profile Analysis
Liu, X., Shen, Y., Cui, L., Liu, B., & Yang, Y. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02133-4 · Cited by 16
Problem gambling during Covid-19
Frisone, F., Alibrandi, A., & Settineri, S. (2020) · Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.6092/2282-1619/mjcp-2457 · Cited by 30
A systematic review of the effectiveness of compassion focused imagery in improving psychological outcomes in clinical and non‐clinical adult populations
Maner, S., Morris, P. G., & Flewitt, B. I. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2801 · Cited by 19
Self-compassionate and apologetic? How and why having compassion toward the self relates to a willingness to apologize
Vazeou‐Nieuwenhuis, A., & Schumann, K. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.002 · Cited by 14
Assessing self-criticism and self-reassurance: Examining psychometric properties and clinical usefulness of the Short-Form of the Forms of Self-Criticizing/Attacking & Self-Reassuring Scale (FSCRS-SF) in Spanish sample
Navarrete, J., Herrero, R., Soler, J., Domínguez-Clavé, E., Baños, R., & Cebolla, A. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252089 · Cited by 13
“We also calculated separate scores for the Positive (Self-Kindness, Common Humanity, and Mindfulness) and Negative (Self-Judgement, Isolation, and Over-identified) subscales following recent recommendations about the interpretation and scoring of the scale [57,58].”
Method
Effects of Perceived Stigma on Depressive Symptoms and Demoralization in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: Self-warmth and Self-coldness as Mediators
Lu, M., Yang, Y., Wang, G., Wang, H., & Feng, D. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-02011-5 · Cited by 13
Self‐compassion and fear of cancer recurrence in Chinese breast cancer patients: The mediating role of maladaptive cognitive styles
Zhu, L., Wei, L., Xiaomin, Y., Zhao, J., Yu, Y., Sun, S., Wang, X., Yao, J., & Xie, J. (2022) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.6070 · Cited by 13
Self-Compassion and Anxiety in Adolescents with and without Anxiety Disorder
Tali, E., Potharst, E. S., de Bruin, E. I., & Utens, E. M. W. J. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10071181 · Cited by 19
Gender based adolescent self-compassion profiles and the mediating role of nonattachment on psychological well-being
Li, W., Beath, A., Ciarrochi, J., & Fraser, M. I. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05049-3 · Cited by 19
Self–Compassion as A Facet of Neuroticism? A Reply to the Comments of Neff, TóTh–KiráLy, and Colosimo (2018)
Geiger, M., Pfattheicher, S., Hartung, J., Weiss, S., Schindler, S., & Wilhelm, O. (2018) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2168 · Cited by 12
‘I have high self‐compassion’: A face‐valid single‐item self‐compassion scale for resource‐limited research contexts
Zhang, J. W., Howell, R. T., Chen, S., Goold, A. R., Bilgin, B., Chai, W. J., & Ramis, T. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2714 · Cited by 13
Secondary Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic in Fatigue, Self-Compassion, Physical and Mental Health of People with Multiple Sclerosis and Caregivers: The Teruel Study
Giménez‐Llort, L., Martín-González, J. J., & Maurel, S. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11091233 · Cited by 16
When ‘negativity’ becomes obstructive: a novel exploration of the two-factor model of the Self-Compassion Scale and a comparison of self-compassion and self-criticism interventions
Mantzios, M., Koneva, A., & Egan, H. (2020) · Current Issues in Personality Psychology · doi:10.5114/cipp.2020.100791 · Cited by 12
“Specifically, researchers suggested that the negative items correlate more with psychopathology, which led them to the conclusion that positive and negative items should be investigated separately, as the negative items inflate the relationships observed (López et al., 2015).”
Background
Self-compassion mediates treatment effects in MDMA-assisted therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder
Agin-Liebes, G., Zeifman, R. J., & Mitchell, J. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2485513 · Cited by 17
Interplay between self-compassion and affect during Mindfulness-Based Compassionate Living for recurrent depression: An Autoregressive Latent Trajectory analysis
ter Avest, M. J., Schuling, R., Greven, C. U., Huijbers, M. J., Wilderjans, T. F., Spinhoven, P., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103946 · Cited by 13

Authors: López, A., Sanderman, R., Smink, A., Zhang, Y., van Sonderen, E., Ranchor, A., & Schroevers, M. J.
Affiliations: University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
Lingnan University (HK)
Corresponding author: Schroevers, Maya J.
ORCID: López, Angélica
Sanderman, Robbert
Zhang, Ying
Ranchor, Adelita
Schroevers, Maya J.
Venue: PLOS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2015-07-20
Volume: 10
Issue: 7
Pages: e0132940
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132940
PMC: PMC4508060
OpenAlex: W1042705540
Cited by: 380
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 3
FWCI: 36.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Digital Commons - Lingnan (Lingnan University) (submittedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: Self-Compassion Scale, self-compassion, self-criticism, scale validation, factor structure, construct validity, reliability statistics, negative affect, depressive symptoms, perceived stress, rumination, neuroticism
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Depression, Empathy, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Self Report

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A Reconsideration of the Self-Compassion Scale’s Total Score: Self-Compassion versus Self-Criticism

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