Revisiting the Self-compassion Scale-Short Form: Stronger Associations with Self-inadequacy and Resilience
Open accessAbstract
The Self-compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF) was developed as an economical alternative for the Self-compassion Scale (SCS), one of the few scales to assess self-compassion. Despite the active use of the SCS-SF, a psychometric evaluation of this scale remains limited. This study analysed the factor structure, reliability, and construct validity of the SCS-SF in UK university student populations. Of 365 students approached, 333 completed the SCS-SF and other measures including negative psychological constructs (mental health problems, self-criticism, and mental health shame) and positive psychological constructs (self-reassurance, resilience, and well-being). Data were analysed through confirmatory factor analyses and correlations. CFA revealed that the six-factor structure, reported in the validation paper, was not replicated. The positive factor, consisting of the three positive subscales, was not strongly related to any variable but moderately related to reassured-self, resilience, well-being, and inadequate-self. The negative factor, consisting of the three negative subscales, was strongly related to inadequate-self and moderately related to resilience, reassured-self, stress, well-being, depression, and internal shame. Coefficients in the negative factor were in general larger than those in the positive factor. The total SCS-SF score was most strongly related to inadequate-self, followed by resilience. Inter-correlations of the six subscales did follow neither Neff’s [1] theoretical model of self-compassion nor the full-scale factor solution. Findings do not accord with the common use of the global SCS-SF score as an assessment of six factors of self-compassion and suggest a two-factor solution assessing self-criticism and self-compassion.
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Some adaptations found a two-factor structure instead of one factor, in a clinical population and among students.
“pojawiły się również adaptacje, wktórych zamiast jednego czynnika wyłoniono strukturę dwuczynnikową (w populacji klinicznej [33] iwśród studentów [34]).”
From The Polish adaptation of the Self-Compassion Scale Short Form (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
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Effects of Self-Compassion Training on Work-Related Well-Being: A Systematic Review
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“Along these lines, RS has been associated with high levels of selfcompassion [76], dispositional optimism [44], weight-related positive affect, and overall mental well-being [77].”
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“Moreover, processoriented constructs such as self-compassion may require closer evaluation [94,95].”
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“Fourth, the accurate representation of some of the scales used in this study remains to be further evaluated (e.g. SCS-SF; Kotera & Sheffield, 2020).”
MethodSelf-citationSuggesting self-compassion training in schools to stop cyberbullying: a narrative review
Aledeh, M., Sokan‐Adeaga, A. A., Adam, H., Aledeh, S., & Kotera, Y. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-023-00110-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Moreover the methodology of assessing self-compassion is still being refined [92].”
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“The division of self-compassion into positive and negative dimensions aligned with approaches adopted in prior research [28].”
Wellbeing and burnout in schoolteachers: the psychophysiological case for self-compassion
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“However, some psycho - metric research supports an orthogonal relationship between self-compassion and self-criticism (e.g., Kotera & Sheffield, 2020 ) suggesting that investigating both self-criticism and self-compassion in the context of psychological and physi - ological health is warranted.”
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Maya, J., Arcos-Romero, A. I., Rodríguez-Carrasco, C. R., & García, M. V. H. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36331 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This short version has demonstrated validity evidence with various adult populations in countries such as the United Kingdom [18], China [19], Portugal [20], Canad ´ a [21], and Slovenia [22].”
BackgroundGillett, J. L., Rakhimov, A., Karadag, P., Themelis, K., Ji, C., & Tang, N. K. Y. (2025) · British Journal of Pain · doi:10.1177/20494637241312070 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“45,48,84 As to whether these two components (CSR and UCSR) are fundamentally mutually exclusive, and therefore may potentially predict different outcomes, further insight is offered below.”
Verhaeghen, P. (2024) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-024-00725-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In line with the literature (e.g., Kotera & Sheffield, 2020), these were labeled as Self-Compassion and Self-Criticism, respectively.”
InfluentialSelf-compassion, social cognition, and self-affect in adolescence: A longitudinal study
Talwar, V., Castellanos, M., & Bosacki, S. (2022) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2022.2030400 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…to previous studies which have used the SCS-SF to assess two dimensions of self-compassion (e.g., Garcia-Campayo et al., 2014; Hayes et al., 2016; Kotera & Sheffield, 2020; Muris et al., 2018), we assessed the two dimensions of self-compassion (positive and negative), each containing 6 items: 1)…”
BackgroundMethodPsychometric Evaluation of the Bangla Version of the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF)
Rahman, M. M., Huq, M. M., Shakib, S., & Shahrier, M. A. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02237-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…and 6-factor models of SCS-SF and explored whether the factor structures in the original validation (Raes et al., 2011) are replicated or the 2-factor solution can be obtained (Kotera & Sheffield, 2020; Lluch-Sanz et al., 2022) from the data of younger and middle-aged adults in Bangladesh.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialImpostor phenomenon is a common feature among individuals with primary hyperhidrosis
Shayesteh, A., Boman, J., & Nylander, E. (2024) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121231220828 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Baggaley, J., Wolverson, E., & Clarke, C. (2024) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2024.2374937 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with several other studies which have confirmed a similar two factor structure amongst students (Kotera & Sheffield, 2020), nurses (Lluch-Sanz et al., 2022) and psychotherapy clients (Hayes et al., 2016).”
Caring for the Carer – Self-Compassion in the Health Professions
Pavlova, A., & Consedine, N. S. (2023) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_14 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Self-Compassion Scale Short Form for Children Aged 8–12: Validation of the Italian Version
Levantini, V., Bertacchi, I., Magno, A., Privitera, G. D., Rinaldi, A., Zara, N., & Muratori, P. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12010084 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“These findings are in line with other studies endorsing the use of two separate factors for the SCS [5,21,29,30].”
Büyüköksüz, E., Tekin, I., Arıkan, S., İlkay, Ş., & Erözkan, A. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03070-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The SCS-SF has exhibited robust internal consistency and reliability across various samples, including individuals with dementia, elderly populations, and university students [34–36].”
Dynamic duo is inseparable: Self‐compassion and compassion for others interact to predict well‐being
Chio, F. H. N., Mak, W. W. S., & Cheng, R. H. L. (2024) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12641 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The two-factor solution was suggested in recent research in measuring self-warmth and self-coldness (Babenko & Guo, 2019; Brenner et al., 2017; Hayes et al., 2016; Kotera & Sheffield, 2020).”
Koğar, E. Y., & Koğar, H. (2022) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi211127015k · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Travezaño-Cabrera, A., & Elguera-Cuba, A. (2022) · Academo Revista de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades · doi:10.30545/academo.2022.jul-dic.8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Villalón, F., Escaffi‐Schwarz, M., & Correa-Matus, E. (2023) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872023000200160 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Por la dificultad de replicar el modelo, se han propuesto modelos de un factor general 16,17 , dos 20,21 , tres 20 , o seis factores 2,15,18,20 .”
BackgroundCuerda‐Ballester, M., Sancho-Cantus, D., Martínez‐Rubio, D., Proaño, B., García-Pardo, M. P., & Ortí, J. E. D. L. R. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14100930 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Several studies [14,16] have shown an association between self-compassion and various mental health issues including depression and anxiety.”
BackgroundFortuna, J., Pinto, A. M., da Silva, J. A. P., Geenen, R., & Castilho, P. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251331286 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“While different factor solutions have been proposed, we decided to use the two-factor solu-tion, encompassing the factors ‘‘critical self’’ and ‘‘compassionate self’’ (Kotera and Sheffield, 2020; Muris and Petrocchi, 2017).”
Clarke, J. J., Mancini, V. O., Rees, C. S., & Breen, L. J. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70133 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“There is ongoing debate about the most appropriate factor structure of the SCS‐SF (see Kotera and Sheffield 2020).”
Self Compassion Training to Increase Resilience in Inmates of Class II A Women's Prison in Pontianak
Makarti, P., & Tjahjoanggoro, A. J. (2022) · ANALITIKA · doi:10.31289/analitika.v14i2.6880 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Espiritu, E. W., Yeatts, P. E., & Evetts, C. L. (2024) · The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.15453/2168-6408.2181 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Omoregie, J., & Amanze, R. U. (2025) · JORMA International Journal of Health and Social Sciences · doi:10.64074/jorma000 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…similar psychometric properties; Cronbach’s alpha, ∝ = 0.68 to 0.76 (Bratt & Fagerström, 2020), ∝ = 0.85 to 0.86 (Kelly, Carter, Zuroff, & Borairi, 2013; Raes et al., 2011), and ∝ = 0.79 to 0.86 (Kotera & Sheffield, 2020) with good validity and reliability (Hayes, Lockard, Janis, & Locke, 2016).”
InfluentialPinto, A. M., Marques, C., Figueiredo, C., Caramelo, F. J., Luís, M., Castilho, P., Geenen, R., & da Silva, J. A. P. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70130 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Oh, D., Na, H., & Jung, Y. (2025) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2025.0073 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Although the original developers of the SCS-SF proposed a six-factor structure reflecting that of the full version, 21 subsequent validation studies in the USA, 24 the UK 25 and Spain 26 have consistently reported better model fit for the two-factor structure when applied to the short form.”
InfluentialThe Impact of Compassion in Multicultural, Multifaith Communities, and Workplace Environments
Lazzari, C. G., & Kotera, Y. (2026) · Advances in mental health and addiction · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12438-8_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationGórska, G., & Holas, P. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106763 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Evaluation of a Virtual Compassionate Living Group for Patients with Chronic Pain
Brown, A., Woodcock, C., Cocallis, K., & Bowman, A. R. (2022) · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2204050 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Liakhovskyi, V. I., Nemchenko, I. I., Liulka, O. M., Horodova-Andreeva, T. V., Краснов, О. Г., & Sydorenko, А. V. (2023) · Bulletin of Problems Biology and Medicine · doi:10.29254/2077-4214-2023-1-168-30-35 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cameron, C., Kotera, Y., & Fido, D. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9m4fs
Self-citationسلام, د. ا. (2023) · مجلة المنهج العلمي والسلوک · doi:10.21608/psyb.2023.282305
Development and preliminary validation of the Brief Self-Compassion Inventory
Chinh, K., Wu, W., Johns, S. A., Stutz, P. V., McGrew, J. H., & Mosher, C. E. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285658 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“To date, most self-compassion research has used the SCS or SCS-SF, which have conceptual and psychometric limitations [5,6,65].”
Methodالنهوض الأكاديمي وعلاقته بالشفقة بالذات والرجاء كمتغير معدل لدى طلاب السنة الأولى الجامعية
المغني, أ. ع. ا. ع. (2023) · مجلة کلیة التربیة فى العلوم النفسیة · doi:10.21608/jfeps.2023.324751
Grant, A., & Randle‐Phillips, C. (2025) · Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1108/amhid-02-2025-0011
David, O., Miron, I. S., & Tomoiaga, C. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.106004
SELF-COMPASSION IN NURSES: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY
Orak, O. S., Kemer, A. S., & Yıldız, M. K. (2025) · Hacettepe sağlık idaresi dergisi · doi:10.61859/hacettepesid.1702364
Future Directions and Recommendations
Kotera, Y., Beaumont, J., Colman, R. D., Rushforth, A., & Asano, K. (2026) · Advances in mental health and addiction · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12438-8_10
Self-citationPark, Y., Yu, E., & Park, J. W. (2024) · Journal of the Korean society for quality management · doi:10.7469/jksqm.2024.52.3.459
Stiles, B. J., Fraser, M. I., Gleeson, J., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., & Penn, D. L. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2026.07.023
Manjanatha, D., Karnaze, M. M., Roesch, S., & Bloss, C. S. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02962-z
Shimin, N. G. O. H., Jones, R. J., Puah, S., Kirwan, R. F., Ng, K. W., Shahdadpuri, R., & Lim, S. M. (2026) · International journal of evidence based coaching and mentoring · doi:10.1177/17418305261497531
- Authors
- Kotera, Y., & Sheffield, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Derby (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kotera, Yasuhiro
- Venue
- SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine
- Published
- 2020-05-24
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 761-769
- ISSN
- 2523-8973 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3027431992
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 3.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Derby Online Research Archive. (University of Derby) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Derby
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- Self-Compassion Scale Short Form, self-compassion, factor structure, construct validity, reliability statistics, resilience, self-criticism, internalized shame, university students, two-factor model
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