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Increased Reward-Related Behaviors during Sleep and Wakefulness in Sleepwalking and Idiopathic Nightmares

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Perogamvros, Lampros, Aberg, Kristoffer, Gex-Fabry, Marianne, Perrig, Stephen, Cloninger, C. Robert, Schwartz, Sophie·2015·PLOS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0134504PMC PMC4546110
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: We previously suggested that abnormal sleep behaviors, i.e., as found in parasomnias, may often be the expression of increased activity of the reward system during sleep. Because nightmares and sleepwalking predominate during REM and NREM sleep respectively, we tested here whether exploratory excitability, a waking personality trait reflecting high activity within the mesolimbic dopaminergic (ML-DA) system, may be associated with specific changes in REM and NREM sleep patterns in these two sleep disorders. METHODS: Twenty-four unmedicated patients with parasomnia (12 with chronic sleepwalking and 12 with idiopathic nightmares) and no psychiatric comorbidities were studied. Each patient spent one night of sleep monitored by polysomnography. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was administered to all patients and healthy controls from the Geneva population (n = 293). RESULTS: Sleepwalkers were more anxious than patients with idiopathic nightmares (Spielberger Trait anxiety/STAI-T), but the patient groups did not differ on any personality dimension as estimated by the TCI. Compared to controls, parasomnia patients (sleepwalkers together with patients with idiopathic nightmares) scored higher on the Novelty Seeking (NS) TCI scale and in particular on the exploratory excitability/curiosity (NS1) subscale, and lower on the Self-directedness (SD) TCI scale, suggesting a general increase in reward sensitivity and impulsivity. Furthermore, parasomnia patients tended to worry about social separation persistently, as indicated by greater anticipatory worry (HA1) and dependence on social attachment (RD3). Moreover, exploratory excitability (NS1) correlated positively with the severity of parasomnia (i.e., the frequency of self-reported occurrences of nightmares and sleepwalking), and with time spent in REM sleep in patients with nightmares. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that patients with parasomnia might share common waking personality traits associated to reward-related brain functions. They also provide further support to the notion that reward-seeking networks are active during human sleep.

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  • Stress, emotional/behavioral problems, and personality traits have been linked to NREM sleep parasomnias, although the specific pathway and direction of this association remains unclear.

    “Indeed, stress [12,123,124], emotional/behavioral problems, and personality traits have been linked to NREM sleep parasomnias [124,125,126,127,128], although the specific pathway and direction of this association remains unclear.”

    From Diagnosis and Management of NREM Sleep Parasomnias in Children and Adults (2023) · cites this paper as [126]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) links personality traits, anxiety, and worry with sleepwalking, a NREM parasomnia, and says the cross-sectional design cannot establish causality. It also says perceived stress was not assessed; the paper does not establish a stress link to NREM parasomnias or address emotional/behavioral problems as a broad category. (LLM, conf=0.87)

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Authors
Perogamvros, L., Aberg, K., Gex-Fabry, M., Perrig, S., Cloninger, C. R., & Schwartz, S.
Affiliations
  • University of Geneva (CH)
  • University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
  • Washington University in St. Louis (US)
Corresponding author
Perogamvros, Lampros
ORCID
Venue
PLOS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2015-08-19
Volume
10
Issue
8
Pages
e0134504
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0134504
PMC
PMC4546110
OpenAlex
W2096815049
Cited by
25
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
FWCI
0.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (320030_135653, 51NF40-104897)
  • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (104897, 51NF40, 135653, 320030)
  • Fundação Bial (225/12)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Restless Legs Syndrome Research
Keywords
sleepwalking, parasomnias, reward systems, mesolimbic dopamine system, novelty seeking, REM sleep, NREM sleep, personality traits, anticipatory worry, impulsivity, anxiety
MeSH terms
Adult, Character, Dreams, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory, Reward, Sleep, Somnambulism, Temperament, Wakefulness, Polysomnography, Night Terrors, Parasomnias, Young Adult

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