Coordinated Feeding Behavior in Trichoplax, an Animal without Synapses
Open accessAbstract
Trichoplax is a small disk-shaped marine metazoan that adheres to substrates and locomotes by ciliary gliding. Despite having only six cell types and lacking synapses Trichoplax coordinates a complex sequence of behaviors culminating in external digestion of algae. We combine live cell imaging with electron microscopy to show how this is accomplished. When Trichoplax glides over a patch of algae, its cilia stop beating so it ceases moving. A subset of one of the cell types, lipophils, simultaneously secretes granules whose content rapidly lyses algae. This secretion is accurately targeted, as only lipophils located near algae release granules. The animal pauses while the algal content is ingested, and then resumes gliding. Global control of gliding is coordinated with precise local control of lipophil secretion suggesting the presence of mechanisms for cellular communication and integration.
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Secretion of the large inclusion occurs during crawling of Trichoplax over algal food particles.
“Secretion of the large inclusion occurs during crawling of Trichoplax over algal food particles.”
From A non-bilaterian perspective on the development and evolution of animal digestive systems (2019) · cites this paper as Smith et al. 2015
The Results section, “Trichoplax lyse algae during pauses in gliding” (page not provided), says Trichoplax stops gliding after moving onto algae and feeding begins during the pause. The paper supports secretion of large lipophil granules near algae, but contradicts the claim that secretion occurs during crawling. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis observation supports a potential role of 'lipophilic cells' in exocrine secretion of digestive enzymes.
“This observation supports a potential role of ‘lipophilic cells’ in exocrine secretion of digestive enzymes (Fig. 2d) (Smith et al. 2015).”
From A non-bilaterian perspective on the development and evolution of animal digestive systems (2019) · cites this paper as Smith et al. 2015
Newly identified 'lipophil' cells are characterized by a larger number of smaller vesicles, and a single large inclusion at the apical side with an acidic and lipophilic content.
“Instead, newly identified ‘lipophil’ cells are characterized by a larger number of smaller vesicles, and a single large inclusion at the apical side with an acidic and lipophilic content (Fig. 2d) (Smith et al. 2015; Smith et al. 2014).”
From A non-bilaterian perspective on the development and evolution of animal digestive systems (2019) · cites this paper as Smith et al. 2015
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Placozoan secretory cell types implicated in feeding, innate immunity and regulation of behavior
Mayorova, T. D., Koch, T. L., Kachar, B., Jung, J. H., Reese, T. S., & Smith, C. L. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0311271 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationVoltage-Gated Calcium Channels in Invertebrates
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Kuznetsov, A. V., Halaimova, A. V., Ufimtseva, M. A., & Chelebieva, E. S. (2020) · International Journal of Parallel Emergent and Distributed Systems · doi:10.1080/17445760.2020.1753188 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Chemical cognition: chemoconnectomics and convergent evolution of integrative systems in animals
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Invertebrate Genomics Provide Insights Into the Origin of Synaptic Transmission
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Functional Studies of Trichoplax adhaerens Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Activity
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The influence of computational traits on the natural selection of the nervous system
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Letsinger, A. C., Yang, F., Menon, R., Little, S. E., Granados, J. Z., Breidenbach, B. M., Iyer, A., Castro-Padovani, T. N., Nagel, E. C., JAYARAMAN, A., et al. (2022) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002941 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dissecting a peptidergic signaling pathway in Trichoplax adhaerens by gene silencing
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Действие прямоугольных электрических импульсов низкой частоты на трихоплакса (тип Placozoa)
Kuznetsov, A. V., Кулешова, О. Н., Pronozin, А. Y., Кривенко, О. В., & Zavyalova, O. S. (2020) · Marine Biological Journal · doi:10.21072/mbj.2020.05.2.05 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A putative triradial macrofossil from the Ediacaran Jiangchuan Biota
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Long-Term Culturing of Placozoans (Trichoplax and Hoilungia)
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Glutamate and GABA Receptors of Nerveless Animals (Placozoa): Preadaptation to Neurotransmission
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Contact-mediated signaling enables disorder-driven transitions in cellular assemblies
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Long-term dynamics of placozoan culture: emerging models for population and space biology
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TAPHONOMIC EXPERIMENTS SHED LIGHT ON FOSSILIZATION POTENTIAL OF PLACOZOA
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Selective behavioral response of Trichoplax (Placozoa) to RGB-light stimuli
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Technical Opinion: From Animal Behaviour to Autonomous RobotsPreprint
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Phylogeny and the function of sleep
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Glutamate and GABA receptors in non-neural animals (Placozoa): Preadaptation to neural transmission
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Volume Transmission of Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides in the Brain
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Experiments and simulations to understand cilia-driven flows and their protective role in Xenopus
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- Authors
- Smith, C. L., Pivovarova, N., & Reese, T. S.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Carolyn L.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-09-02
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e0136098
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4558020
- OpenAlex
- W2164790106
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 4.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (vor)
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Echinoderm biology and ecology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Planarian Biology and Electrostimulation
- Keywords
- Trichoplax, feeding behavior, cellular communication, ciliary beating
- MeSH terms
- Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Animals, Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Cilia, Feeding Behavior, Movement, Placozoa
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