The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Atheists and Agnostics Are More Reflective than Religious Believers: Four Empirical Studies and a Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Individual differences in the mere willingness to think analytically has been shown to predict religious disbelief. Recently, however, it has been argued that analytic thinkers are not actually less religious; rather, the putative association may be a result of religiosity typically being measured after analytic thinking (an order effect). In light of this possibility, we report four studies in which a negative correlation between religious belief and performance on analytic thinking measures is found when religious belief is measured in a separate session. We also performed a meta-analysis on all previously published studies on the topic along with our four new studies (N = 15,078, k = 31), focusing specifically on the association between performance on the Cognitive Reflection Test (the most widely used individual difference measure of analytic thinking) and religious belief. This meta-analysis revealed an overall negative correlation (r) of -.18, 95% CI [-.21, -.16]. Although this correlation is modest, self-identified atheists (N = 133) scored 18.7% higher than religiously affiliated individuals (N = 597) on a composite measure of analytic thinking administered across our four new studies (d = .72). Our results indicate that the association between analytic thinking and religious disbelief is not caused by a simple order effect. There is good evidence that atheists and agnostics are more reflective than religious believers.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In summary, there appear to be at least three plausible contributors to religious disbelief: a lack of exposure to CREDs in the community while growing up, living under conditions of low existential threat, and a reliance on an analytic (vs. intuitive) cognitive style should all increase the likelihood of becoming a disbeliever.”
From The amoral atheist? A cross-national examination of cultural, motivational, and cognitive antecedents of disbelief, and their implications for morality (2021) · cites this paper as [41]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The use of more effortful and controlled System 2 processes (i.e., the propensity to engage in analytic thinking rather than relying on intuition) varies between individuals (e.g., Stanovich, 2012;Pennycook et al., 2016).”
From The detection of political deepfakes (2022) · cites this paper as Pennycook et al., 2016
In the citing paper
“Individuals have a general tendency to suspend effortful cognitive processes and to rely on associative processes and intuitions (e.g., Pennycook et al., 2016, reported that 65% gave an incorrect answer to the 'bat and ball' problem).”
From The detection of political deepfakes (2022) · cites this paper as Pennycook et al., 2016
In the citing paper
“Recent research has linked individual differences in analytic thinking with skepticism about various epistemically suspect information, such as fake news (Pennycook & Rand, 2019;2020), religious and paranormal beliefs (Pennycook et al., 2016;Shenhav et al., 2012), conspiracy theories (Swami et al., 2014), and pseudo-profound bullshit (Pennycook et al., 2015;Pennycook & Rand, 2020).”
From The detection of political deepfakes (2022) · cites this paper as Pennycook et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470743386 · Cited by 14,225
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799
Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making
Frederick, S. (2005) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/089533005775196732 · Cited by 5,256
Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition: Advancing the Debate
Evans, J. S. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612460685 · Cited by 4,271
Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis
(1985) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-03396-0 · Cited by 2,570
General Performance on a Numeracy Scale among Highly Educated Samples
Lipkus, I. M., Samsa, G., & Rimer, B. K. (2001) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x0102100105 · Cited by 1,501
Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection
Kahan, D. M. (2013) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500005271 · Cited by 1,302
The Role of Numeracy in Understanding the Benefit of Screening Mammography
Schwartz, L. M., Woloshin, S., Black, W. C., & Welch, H. G. (1997) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-127-11-199712010-00003 · Cited by 1,132
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 229
Commentary: Rethinking fast and slow based on a critique of reaction-time reverse inference
Pennycook, G., Fugelsang, J. A., Koehler, D. J., & Thompson, V. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01174 · Cited by 11
Intelligence and religious disbelief in the United States
de Souza, T. C., & Cribari‐Neto, F. (2018) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2018.02.004 · Cited by 10
Anti-vaccination attitudes are associated with less analytical and more intuitive reasoning
Caravaggio, F., Porco, N., Kim, J., Fervaha, G., Graff‐Guerrero, A., & Gerretsen, P. (2021) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.2014911 · Cited by 10
Brito‐Costa, S., Jonason, P. K., Tosi, M., Antunes, R., Silva, S., & Castro, F. V. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268193 · Cited by 10
Twenty years of experimental philosophy research
Li, J., & Zhu, X. (2023) · Metaphilosophy · doi:10.1111/meta.12602 · Cited by 10
Gervais, W. M., & Norenzayan, A. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0426-0 · Cited by 10
Trémolière, B., & Djeriouat, H. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.025 · Cited by 12
Weiß, A., Dorrough, A. R., & Schmitz, L. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110854 · Cited by 10
Ståhl, T., & van Prooijen, J. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110914 · Cited by 10
Das, A. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114580 · Cited by 11
Sobków, A., Olszewska, A., & Sirota, M. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2297 · Cited by 10
Measuring supernatural belief implicitly using the Affect Misattribution Procedure
Ross, R. M., Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., Gervais, W. M., Jong, J., Lanman, J. A., McKay, R., & Pennycook, G. (2019) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2019.1619620 · Cited by 11
How is analytical thinking related to religious belief? A test of three theoretical models
Baimel, A., White, C., Sarkissian, H., & Norenzayan, A. (2021) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2021.1878259 · Cited by 11
Heterogeneity in Religious Commitment and Its Predictors
Hohenschue, O., Riegel, U., & Zimmermann, M. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13020139 · Cited by 10
Weinberger, A. B., Gallagher, N. M., Warren, Z. J., English, G., Moghaddam, F. M., & Green, A. E. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18362-3 · Cited by 9
Understanding Christians' underrepresentation in STEM and why it matters
Morrison, K. R., Mackey, C. D., & Cheng, Z. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Social Psychology · doi:10.3389/frsps.2023.1239712 · Cited by 8
The Multidimensional Religious Ideology scale
Wildman, W. J., Wood, C. P., Caldwell‐Harris, C. L., DiDonato, N. C., & Radom, A. (2021) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1177/00846724211027953 · Cited by 9
Bayrak, F., Doğruyol, B., Alper, S., & Yılmaz, O. (2023) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/jdm.2023.45 · Cited by 8
Becoming Religious Disbelievers: Retrospective Viewpoints
Everson, K. C. (2018) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-018-0849-6 · Cited by 8
Do Empathetic People Have Strong Religious Beliefs? Survey Studies with Large Japanese Samples
Ishii, T., & Watanabe, K. (2022) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2022.2057059 · Cited by 11
Shamanism and the psychosis continuum
Ross, R. M., & McKay, R. (2018) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x17002151 · Cited by 9
Sirota, M., & Juanchich, M. (2018) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/rvh3y · Cited by 8
The role of personality traits and online behavior in belief in fake news
Peter, E. L., Kwantes, P. J., D’Agata, M. T., & Vallikanthan, J. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03573-6 · Cited by 7
Who Is Concerned about Terrorist Attacks? A Religious Profile
Leite, Â. M. T., Ramires, A. C. G. L., Dinis, M. A. P., & Sousa, H. F. P. E. (2019) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci8110316 · Cited by 7
Situational Factors Influencing Receptivity to Bullshit
Brown, M., Keefer, L. A., & McGrew, S. J. (2019) · Social Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.32872/spb.v14i3.37393 · Cited by 8
Freidín, E., & Martini, L. A. (2021) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2020.1868197 · Cited by 7
Sulik, J., Efferson, C. M., & McKay, R. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001044 · Cited by 7
Park, C. L., & Tongeren, D. R. V. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10274-5_6 · Cited by 9
Religiosity and Long-Run Productivity GrowthPreprint
Herzer, D., & Holger Strulik, B. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2800094 · Cited by 7
Coleman, & Thomas, J. C. (2016) · Cited by 6
Perceived Accuracy of Fake News on Social Media
Fadhila, S., Nisa, Y. F., Nihayah, Z., Hayat, B., Syani, P. A., & Adelina, R. (2021) · International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM) · doi:10.1109/citsm52892.2021.9588841 · Cited by 5
ŞAHİN, M., AHMEDİ, B. K., & GÜLTEKİN, M. (2023) · cumhuriyet ilahiyat dergisi · doi:10.18505/cuid.1238218 · Cited by 6
Religiosity Predicts Evidentiary Standards
Lobato, E. J. C., Tabatabaeian, S., Fleming, M., Sulzmann, S., & Holbrook, C. (2019) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550619869613 · Cited by 6
Hoogeveen, S., Haaf, J. M., Bulbulia, J. A., Ross, R. M., McKay, R., Altay, S., Bendixen, T., Berniûnas, R., Cheshin, A., Gentili, C., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/sf8ez · Cited by 6
Longtime nemeses or cordial allies? How individuals mentally relate science and religion.
Zein, R. A., Altenmüller, M. S., & Gollwitzer, M. (2024) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000492 · Cited by 6
Hoogeveen, S., Borsboom, D., Kucharský, Š., Marsman, M., Molenaar, D., de Ron, J., Sekulovski, N., Visser, I., van Elk, M., & Wagenmakers, E. (2024) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.240049 · Cited by 7
Religiosity and Long-Run Productivity Growth
Herzer, D., & Strulik, H. (2016) · Journal of Economics Management and Religion · doi:10.1142/s2737436x20500016 · Cited by 11
(2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014165 · Cited by 7
What does the cognitive reflection test really measure: A process dissociation investigation.Preprint
McPhetres, J. (2018) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/m43gn · Cited by 5
Reflective thinking predicts disbelief in God across 19 countriesPreprint
Ghasemi, O., Yılmaz, O., İşler, O., Terry, J., & Ross, R. M. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/wny9p · Cited by 4
Dürlinger, F., Fries, J., Yanagida, T., & Pietschnig, J. (2023) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2023.101796 · Cited by 5
The Coevolution of Religious Belief and Intuitive Cognitive Style via Individual-Level Selection
Stagnaro, M. N., & Rand, D. G. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199397747.013.10 · Cited by 4
Ramadam Fasting and Neurologic Disorders
El‐Mitwalli, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014165.013 · Cited by 4
Pennycook, G., Tranel, D., Warner, K., & Asp, E. W. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014165.012 · Cited by 4
Deepfake Sockpuppets: The Toxic “Realities” of a Weaponised Internet
Morris, K. W. (2024) · Palgrave gothic · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-43852-3_5 · Cited by 5
Does Meaning Motivate Magical Thinking Among Theists and Atheists?
Nelson, T. A., Abeyta, A. A., & Routledge, C. D. (2019) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550619829063 · Cited by 5
Guedes, A. C., Cribari‐Neto, F., & Espinheira, P. L. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253349 · Cited by 4
Cognitive Reflection and the 2016 US Presidential ElectionPreprint
Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3110929 · Cited by 5
The Origins of Religious Disbelief: A Dual Inheritance ApproachPreprint
Gervais, W. M., Najle, M. B., & Caluori, N. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/e29rt · Cited by 6
Cognitive pathways to belief in karma and belief in GodPreprint
White, C., Willard, A. K., Baimel, A., & Norenzayan, A. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/39egn · Cited by 4
Ishii, T., & Watanabe, K. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305635 · Cited by 3
Reflective thinking predicts disbelief in God across 19 countries
Ghasemi, O., Yılmaz, O., İşler, O., Terry, J., & Ross, R. M. (2025) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-025-02691-9 · Cited by 4
Dutton, E., & Kirkegaard, E. O. W. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01351-1 · Cited by 5
Religion and Frontotemporal Dementia
Block, N., & Miller, B. L. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014165.016 · Cited by 3
Eastern Spirituality, Mind–Body Practices and Neuro-Rehabilitation
Yeates, G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014165.018 · Cited by 3
Dispelling Misconceptions in EconomicsPreprint
Brandts, J., Busom, I., López-Mayán, C., & Panadés, J. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3384538 · Cited by 3
Counting the Nonreligious: A critical survey of new measuresPreprint
Coleman, T. J., III, & Jong, J. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7zmpt · Cited by 3
Analytic Atheism & Analytic Apostasy Across CulturesPreprint
Byrd, N., Stich, S., & Sytsma, J. M. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/qrz9g · Cited by 3
Psychological Approaches to Leaving Religion
Messick, K., & Farias, M. (2020) · Handbook of Leaving Religion · doi:10.1163/9789004331471_026 · Cited by 2
Cognitive Reflection and Religious Belief: A Test of Two Models
Şeker, F., Acem, E., Bayrak, F., Doğruyol, B., İşler, O., Bahçekapılı, H. G., & Yılmaz, O. (2025) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/jdm.2024.41 · Cited by 3
Caspi, A., Liviatan, I., & Chajut, E. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672251348772 · Cited by 3
Autism and the Panoply of Religious Belief, Disbelief and Experience
Clark, K. J., & Visuri, I. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014165.014 · Cited by 2
Religious Intuitions and the Nature of “Belief”
Alogna, V. K., Bering, J. M., Balkcom, E., & Halberstadt, J. B. (2019) · Studia Humana · doi:10.2478/sh-2019-0025 · Cited by 2
Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome: Case Report
Yalçın, G., Sayınbatur, B., & Karay, E. (2022) · Forbes Journal of Medicine · doi:10.4274/forbes.galenos.2021.46855 · Cited by 2
The Relationship between Reflective Disposition and Persistence in Education
Robinson, P. M. (2022) · Journal of Educational Cultural and Psychological Studies (ECPS Journal) · doi:10.7358/ecps-2022-025-robi · Cited by 3
Religion gegen Angst und Wut? Evangelische Religiosität und Politikvertrauen in Deutschland
Roleder, F. (2023) · Zeitschrift für Religion Gesellschaft und Politik · doi:10.1007/s41682-023-00160-5 · Cited by 4
Vliegenthart, D., & Sajo, N. (2024) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1177/00846724241245147 · Cited by 2
Ahmed, S., Gil‐López, T., Lee, S., & Masood, M. (2024) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448241287763 · Cited by 2
Religiosity of adults on the autism spectrum: a cognitive and empirical analysis
Burnos, A., & Kopacz, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1594692 · Cited by 2
Religious Believers Do Not Distinguish Good from Poor Reasons for God’s Existence
Cardwell, B. A., & Halberstadt, J. B. (2019) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2018.1564446 · Cited by 4
Coles, A. J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014165.002 · Cited by 2
The Correlates of Prejudice: Groupthink and Individual Psychological Attributes
Cuevas, J. A., & Dawson, B. L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13559-0_14 · Cited by 2
The Scientific Study of Religion
Collicutt, J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014165.003 · Cited by 2
The Cognitive Underpinnings of Ideological Thinking
Zmigrod, L. (2019) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.44894 · Cited by 2
New Cognitive and Cultural Evolutionary Approaches on AtheismPreprint
Coleman, T. J., III, Messick, K. J., & van Mulukom, V. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ze5mv · Cited by 2
Intuitive thinking predicts false memory formation due to a decrease in inhibitory efficiency
Gronchi, G., Righi, S., Gavazzi, G., Giganti, F., & Viggiano, M. P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1195668 · Cited by 2
Santángelo, A. P., & Solovey, G. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-47939-3 · Cited by 1
Goncharuk, A. G., Jenssen, J. I., & Vinot, D. (2025) · Problems and Perspectives in Management · doi:10.21511/ppm.23(3).2025.03 · Cited by 1
''God says we are right!': The Interplay between Religion and Propaganda on Arabic Social Media
Fawzi, M., Roß, B., & Magdy, W. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791732 · Cited by 1
The evolution of analytic thought?
Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2017) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x16001746 · Cited by 1
Philosophical Hazards in the Neuroscientific Study of Religion
Haan, D. D. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014165.007 · Cited by 2
Methodological Hazards in the Neuroscientific Study of Religion
Judge, S. J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014165.004 · Cited by 1
Phenomenology, Neurology, Psychiatry and Religious Commitment
Kidd, I. J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014165.006 · Cited by 1
Examining the relationship between metacognitive trust in thinking styles and supernatural beliefs
van Mulukom, V., Baimel, A., Maraldi, E. D. O., Coleman, T. J., III, & Farias, M. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12961 · Cited by 3
Disfluency attenuates the reception of pseudoprofound and postmodernist bullshit
Tracy, R. E., Porot, N., Mandelbaum, E., & Young, S. G. (2023) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2023.2284406 · Cited by 1
Pourquoi les convictions morales facilitent le dogmatisme, l’intolérance et la violence
Decety, J. (2023) · L Évolution Psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.evopsy.2023.11.001 · Cited by 3
Russo, R., Literat, I., & Blikstein, P. (2023) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051231220328 · Cited by 1
Park, C. L., David, A. B., Burke, J. D., & Annunziato, L. M. (2024) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2024.2363768 · Cited by 2
Rational atheism revisited: a comment on Disbelief by Will Gervais
Leeuwen, N. V. (2025) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2025.2507651 · Cited by 1
Individual difference in acts of self-sacrifice
Stagnaro, M. N., Littman, R., & Rand, D. G. (2018) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x18001759 · Cited by 1
The Failure of Religious Systems
Turpin, H., & Lanman, J. A. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190693350.013.15 · Cited by 1
Parkinson’s Disease, Religious Belief and Spirituality
Barker, R. A., & Redfern, C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014165.011 · Cited by 1
Religion and Spirituality in Neuro-Rehabilitation
Collicutt, J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014165.017 · Cited by 1
Towards an Islamic Neuropsychiatry
Aggarwal, N. K. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014165.009 · Cited by 1
Personhood and Religion in People with Dementia
Hughes, J. C. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014165.015 · Cited by 1
Who Believes Hoaxes? Xenophobia and Religiosity as Hoax Predictors among Social Media Users
Morissan, A., Wardhani, A. C., & Cahyowati, T. D. (2021) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i2/8383 · Cited by 2
Sobków, A., Olszewska, A., & Sirota, M. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ktuc4 · Cited by 1
McPhetres, J. (2018) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/g7apd · Cited by 1
Strimaitis, J. (2018) · UTC Scholar (University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) · Cited by 1
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy, Dostoyevsky and Irrational Significance
Coles, A. J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316014165.010
Metadata
- Authors
- Pennycook, G., Ross, R. M., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pennycook, Gordon
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2016-04-07
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e0153039
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4824409
- OpenAlex
- W2317198474
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 7.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2017-04-21)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Study and Philosophy of Religion
- Keywords
- analytical thinking, religious beliefs, atheism, agnosticism, cognitive reflection, Cognitive Reflection Test, individual differences, order effects, reflective thinking, religiosity
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Religion, Thinking
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
