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On-Farm Diversity and Market Participation Are Positively Associated with Dietary Diversity of Rural Mothers in Southern Benin, West Africa
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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to test the extent to which, under different opportunities for market participation, the diversity of plant species rural households grow or collect (on-farm diversity), and the variety of foods mothers purchase (market diversity) are associated with their dietary diversity. METHODS: Rural households from three districts in southern Benin were interviewed during dry (n = 472) and wet (n = 482) seasons between 2011 and 2012. Villages within districts and their households were selected randomly according to market accessibility, with a mother selected from each household. Information on on-farm diversity was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Market diversity was obtained through a 7-day food frequency questionnaire that elicited if foods were purchased. Dietary diversity was derived from a quantitative 24-hour food recall. A system of three simultaneous equations via a Generalized Methods of Moments was estimated to address potential endogeneity between dietary diversity and on-farm diversity and market diversity. RESULTS: Results show rich on-farm diversity with more than 65 different edible plant species grown or collected by households. More than 70% of foods consumed by mothers were purchased in 55 market places. More than 50% of mothers met minimum dietary diversity with at least 5 food groups consumed. Diagnostic tests indicated the existence of endogeneity. Econometric results showed that on-farm and market diversities were positively associated with mothers' dietary diversity (p < 0.05) once market opportunities, seasonality and other socioeconomic factors were controlled for. CONCLUSION: Results provide evidence of a positive relationship between on-farm diversity and dietary diversity among participant mothers. They demonstrate the important contribution of market diversity to their dietary diversity. Links among these three facets of diversity suggest that production for self-consumption and food purchases complement rather than replace each other in their contribution to dietary diversity and thus dietary quality.
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“Numerous studies have found a positive relationship between diversified farming systems and human nutritional outcomes for smallholder farms (Jones et al., 2014;Powell et al., 2015;Bellon et al., 2016;Demeke et al., 2017).”
From Assessing Transitions to Sustainable Agricultural and Food Systems: A Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation (TAPE) (2020) · cites this paper as Bellon et al., 2016
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“On-farm andmarket diversity have also been shown to be positively associated with mothers’ dietary diversity in Southern Benin (Bellon et al. 2016) and in Tanzania (Keding et al. 2012), and with higher odds of achieving a minimally diverse diet in the Peruvian Andes (Jones et al. 2018).”
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“This study also found that dietary diversity among household members, especially women and children, can be positively impacted by non-farm income, proximity to markets, and market participation in selling agricultural products [21, 80, 81].”
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HUBUNGAN ANTARA KETERSEDIAAN PANGAN DENGAN KERAGAMAN PANGAN RUMAH TANGGA BURUH TANI
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“benefit from producing their own food, which enables them to avoid high expenditure on food, especially when prices are rising [58].”
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Habtemariam, L. T., Will, M., & Müller, B. H. (2021) · Global Food Security · doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100485 · Cited by 17
Farm production diversity and women’s dietary diversity: Evidence from central Tunisia
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“Second, the assessment of the capacity of a production system to improve the diet is influenced by the choice of indicator of production diversity [34] but most studies are based on only one [9,50–52] or two [43,53] indicators.”
BackgroundNeighbour home gardening predicts dietary diversity among rural Tanzanian women
Blakstad, M. M., Bellows, A. L., Mosha, D., Canavan, C. R., Mlalama, K., Kinabo, J., Kruk, M. E., Masanja, H., & Fawzi, W. W. (2019) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980018003798 · Cited by 16
A systematic review of dietary data collection methodologies for diet diversity indicators
Mahal, S. S., Kucha, C. T., Kwofie, E. M., & Ngadi, M. O. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1195799 · Cited by 15
Owoputi, I., Booth, N., Luginaah, I., Nyantakyi‐Frimpong, H., Shumba, L., Dakishoni, L., Lupafya, E., Hickey, C., & Kerr, R. B. (2022) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/03795721221126787 · Cited by 15
Bacon, C. M., Gómez, M. E. F., Shin, V., Ballardo, G., Kriese, S., McCurry, E., Martinez, E., & Rivas, M. (2023) · Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.1080/21683565.2023.2171172 · Cited by 20
Abioye, A. I., & Fawzi, W. W. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818460-8.00027-7 · Cited by 15
Dietary diversity and associated factors among lactating women in Ethiopia: Cross sectional study
Molla, W., Mengistu, N., Madoro, D., Assefa, D. G., Zeleke, E. D., Tilahun, R., Bayisa, Y., Meshesha, M. D., Melaku, G., Kabthymer, R. H., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijans.2022.100450 · Cited by 12
Issa, M. Y., Diagana, Y., Kari, K. E., Coulibaly, S. M., Gueye, A., Dehah, R. M. H., & Vall, O. E. K. M. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18211-8 · Cited by 13
“…influenced by the traditional idea that weight gain is associated with prestige and beauty, leading them to frequently adopt harmful measures to stimulate their appetite and increase their food intake, without necessarily diversifying it known their major role in food purchasing decisions [41].”
BackgroundDrivers of food and nutrition security during the lean period in southeastern Madagascar
Tojo-Mandaharisoa, S., Randrianarison, N., Jordan, I., Kubitza, C., Randriamampionona, D., Rasoarahona, F., Andriamaniraka, H., Sieber, S., Ulrichs, C., & Steinke, J. (2023) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100881 · Cited by 11
“Markets may not just increase the local availability of diverse food items, but also provide opportunities for farmers to generate income by selling their produce [71,72].”
Mitigating climate vulnerability: the crop diversification effect
Ferry, M., & de Montalembert, J. (2025) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2025.108568 · Cited by 13
Dietary diversity of women from soybean and non-soybean farming households in rural Zambia
Kapulu, N., Chomba, C., Nkonde, C., Holmes, M. J., Manda, S., Smith, H. E., Macdiarmid, J. I., & Orfila, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2023.1115801 · Cited by 11
“For example, women play an important role in making decisions about food purchases (Bellon et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMaintaining Diversity of Plant Genetic Resources as a Basis for Food Security
Dulloo, E. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100596-5.22208-7 · Cited by 11
Greffeuille, V., Dass, M., Fanou‐Fogny, N., Nyako, J., Berger, J., & Wieringa, F. T. (2022) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13453 · Cited by 10
“…could be regarded as typical for that age range and living area (urban/rural), based on data of food consumption surveys (Achigan‐Dako et al., 2011; Bellon et al., 2016; de Jager et al., 2018; Galbete et al., 2017; Gamor et al., 2015; Greffeuille & Mouquet, 2010; Issaka et al., 2015; Levesque et…”
BackgroundSheikhi, M., Omidvar, N., Tabatabaei, S. M., & Eini‐Zinab, H. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13134-8 · Cited by 10
Honfoga, B. G., Ntandou-Bouzitou, G. D., Vodouhè, R. S., Bellon, M. R., & Hounhouigan, J. D. (2018) · Agricultural and Food Economics · doi:10.1186/s40100-018-0097-1 · Cited by 10
“Villages within districts and their households were selected randomly according to market accessibility, with a mother selected for each household (Bellon et al. 2016).”
Prevost, D. E. O., Gurri, F. D., Méndez, R. M., & Vázquez, F. G. (2018) · Cuadernos de Desarrollo Rural · doi:10.11144/javeriana.cdr14-80.iaoa · Cited by 10
Kalid, M., Berglund, L., Flacking, R., Sulaiman, M., & Osman, F. A. (2024) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13707 · Cited by 8
“Tailoring these strategies to community ‐ specific cultural, economic and social contexts may maximise their effectiveness (Bellon et al., 2016).”
Milner, D., Wolf, L. J., van Wijk, M. T., & Hammond, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2022.740485 · Cited by 8
“In apparent contradiction, several studies show the relationship between farm production diversity and dietary diversity to be positive, particularly when market access allows for high quality agricultural inputs to be purchased (Snapp and Fisher, 2015; Bellon et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBellon, M. R., Ntandou-Bouzitou, G. D., Lauderdale, J. E., & Caracciolo, F. (2022) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-022-01320-w · Cited by 8
“…of Naples Federico II, Portici (Na), Italy Keywords Production diversity · Market participation · Dietary diversity · Benin · West Africa 1 3 M. R. Bellon et al. 2016; Dillon et al., 2015; Ecker, 2018; Fraval et al., 2020; Jones et al., 2014; Jones, 2017b; Hirvonen & Hoddinott, 2017;…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialIntegrated food-based multi-actor approach to combat malnutrition
Yazdanpanah, M., Löhr, K., Hoffmann, H., Welte, S., Klaus, L. M., Zobeidi, T., & Rybak, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2023.1179768 · Cited by 8
“Several studies note that diversified diets are positively associated with improved nutrition outcomes (Bellon et al., 2016; Islam et al., 2018; Luna-González and Sørensen, 2018; Murendo et al., 2019).”
BackgroundLivelihood implications of in situ-on farm conservation strategies of fruit species in Uzbekistan
Gotor, E., Bellon, M. R., Turdieva, M. K., Исаевич, Б. К., Nazarov, P., Dorohova-Shreder, E., Arzumanov, V., Dzavakyants, M., Abdurasulov, A., Chernova, G. M., et al. (2017) · Agroforestry Systems · doi:10.1007/s10457-017-0069-6 · Cited by 8
O'Malley, S. F., Ambikapathi, R., Boncyk, M., Mosha, D., Verissimo, C. K., Galvin, L., Mapendo, F., Lyatuu, I., Kieffer, M. P., Jeong, J., et al. (2024) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13734 · Cited by 8
Verger, E. O., Gaillard, C., Jones, A. D., Remans, R., & Kennedy, G. (2021) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture11080749 · Cited by 7
“Treatment of endogeneity requires a more extensive specification of econometric models and resolution by instrumental variables strategy [15,26,46], simultaneous systems of equations [22], or fixed effects in panel survey [36,41].”
BackgroundInfluentialEsaryk, E. E., Reynolds, S. A., Fernald, L. C. H., & Jones, A. D. (2021) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980021003281 · Cited by 7
Bergau, S., Loos, T. K., & Sariyev, O. (2021) · European Journal of Development Research · doi:10.1057/s41287-021-00475-0 · Cited by 7
Curtin, I., Tobin, D., & Reynolds, T. W. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16031040 · Cited by 7
Xinghua, L., Liu, C., & Chen, K. Z. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287000 · Cited by 6
Measuring characteristics of wild and cultivated food environments: a scoping review
Farrell, P., Reeve, E., Johnson, E., Farmery, A. K., Patay, D., Thow, A. M., Wu, J., & Bogard, J. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03678-4 · Cited by 6
Factors influencing household and women’s dietary diversity in migrant households in central Nepal
Gartaula, H. N., Atreya, K., Kattel, K., & Rahut, D. B. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0298022 · Cited by 8
Effects of Risk and Time Preferences on Diet Quality: Empirical Evidence from Rural Madagascar
Shiratori, S., Abeysekara, M. D., Ozaki, R., Rafalimanantsoa, J., & Andrianjanaka, B. H. R. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13193147 · Cited by 3
“The market can provide farmers with not only increased access to diverse food items but also income opportunities [57].”
BackgroundNabakabya, D., Fungo, R., Tumwine, G., Muyonga, J. H., Kaaya, A. N., Keding, G. B., & Sarfo, J. (2023) · African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development · doi:10.18697/ajfand.120.22600 · Cited by 5
Does adoption of agroforestry increase farm production and dietary diversity in the hills of Nepal?
Kattel, K., Byanju, R. M., & Atreya, K. (2021) · Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science · doi:10.26832/24566632.2021.060208 · Cited by 5
“It was beyond this research scope to analyze market opportunities, seasonality and other socioeconomic factors that have complementing relationship with farm production diversity in determining household dietary diversity (Bellon et al., 2016).”
BackgroundDiverse crops and input subsidies: a village-scale analysis in Mali
Assima, A., Smale, M., & Koné, B. (2021) · International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability · doi:10.1080/14735903.2021.2016261 · Cited by 5
“More recently, Bellon et al. (2016) used GMM to test the linkages among crop diversity, diet diversity and market participation among rural households in Benin.”
MethodBalcha, T., Lahiff, E., Donnellan, T., & Chisholm, N. (2025) · Discover Food · doi:10.1007/s44187-025-00528-x · Cited by 4
“These socioeconomic factors are selected because they are repeatedly mentioned in literature as influencers of smallholder dietary diversity [9, 10, 52, 53].”
Isbell, C., Tobin, D., Thiede, B. C., Jones, K., & Reynolds, T. (2024) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-024-01458-9 · Cited by 5
“In addition to the direct links between local crop diversity and food consumption, crop diversification may also improve food and nutritional security at wider scales than the household through economic mechanisms (Bellon et al., 2016; Sibhatu & Qaim, 2018).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Bellon, M. R., Ntandou-Bouzitou, G. D., & Caracciolo, F.
- Affiliations
- Alliance Bioversity International - CIAT (IT)
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Bellon, Mauricio R.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2016-09-08
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e0162535
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5015832
- OpenAlex
- W2515600722
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 11.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP53227)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agricultural Innovations and Practices
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Security and Socioeconomic Dynamics
- Keywords
- on-farm diversity, market diversity, dietary diversity, rural households, mothers, food purchasing, market participation, food security, self-consumption, endogeneity, seasonal variation, southern Benin
- MeSH terms
- Farms, Adolescent, Adult, Benin, Child, Preschool, Diet, Family Characteristics, Food Supply, Humans, Infant, Middle Aged, Models, Theoretical, Mothers, Rural Population, Models, Econometric, Marketing, Young Adult
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