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Alterations in Gut Microbiome Composition and Barrier Function Are Associated with Reproductive and Metabolic Defects in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A Pilot Study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common female endocrinopathy of unclear origin characterized by hyperandrogenism, oligo-/anovulation, and ovarian cysts. Women with PCOS frequently display overweight, insulin resistance, and systemic low-grade inflammation. We hypothesized that endotoxemia resulting from a leaky gut is associated with inflammation, insulin resistance, fat accumulation, and hyperandrogenemia in PCOS. In this pilot study, we compared the stool microbiome, gut permeability, and inflammatory status of women with PCOS and healthy controls. METHODS: 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was performed on stool samples from 24 PCOS patients and 19 healthy controls. Data processing and microbiome analysis were conducted in mothur and QIIME using different relative abundance cut-offs. Gut barrier integrity, endotoxemia, and inflammatory status were evaluated using serum and stool markers and associations with reproductive, metabolic, and anthropometric parameters were investigated. RESULTS: The stool microbiome of PCOS patients showed a lower diversity and an altered phylogenetic composition compared to controls. We did not observe significant differences in any taxa with a relative abundance>1%. When looking at rare taxa, the relative abundance of bacteria from the phylum Tenericutes, the order ML615J-28 (phylum Tenericutes) and the family S24-7 (phylum Bacteroidetes) was significantly lower and associated with reproductive parameters in PCOS patients. Patients showed alterations in some, but not all markers of gut barrier function and endotoxemia. CONCLUSION: Patients with PCOS have a lower diversity and an altered phylogenetic profile in their stool microbiome, which is associated with clinical parameters. Gut barrier dysfunction and endotoxemia were not driving factors in this patient cohort, but may contribute to the clinical phenotype in certain PCOS patients.
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“Similar to microbiomes associated with obesity, the microbiomes of individuals with PCOS have generally been found to have lower alpha diversity (lower numbers of bacterial taxa) than controls, and most studies describe an altered composition of taxa relative to controls [140,143].”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [143]
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“Although most studies are small, dysbiosis has consistently been found to correlate with different physiological parameters, such as obesity, sex hormones and metabolic defects [140,141,143].”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [143]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Dysbiosis is a consistent finding when looking at the microbiome of women with PCOS [140,141,142,143].”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [143]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Alternative mechanisms of the pathogenesis of prediabetes and T2D in subjects with PCOS are muscle mitochondrial dysfunction [28] and the gut microbiome [29].”
From From Prediabetes to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Lifestyle and Pharmacological Management (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
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“However, all diets that aim to reduce weight are considered beneficial [29].”
From From Prediabetes to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Lifestyle and Pharmacological Management (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
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Reproductive tract microbiome and therapeutics of infertility
Bhattacharya, K., Dutta, S., Sengupta, P., & Bagchi, S. (2023) · Middle East Fertility Society Journal · doi:10.1186/s43043-023-00136-8 · Cited by 24
Exploration of the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome based on gut microbiota: A review
Guo, H., Luo, J., & Lin, H. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000036075 · Cited by 24
“[21] The composition of the gut microbiota is subject to alteration by a plethora of factors, such as genetic predisposition, maternal microbiota exposure during the intrauterine period, modes of childbirth and infant feeding, antibiotic administration, and environmental conditions.”
Associations between gut microbiota and incident fractures in the FINRISK cohort
Grahnemo, L., Kambur, O., Lahti, L., Jousilahti, P., Niiranen, T., Knight, R. D., Salomaa, V. V., Havulinna, A. S., & Ohlsson, C. (2024) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-024-00530-8 · Cited by 23
“However, the relative abundance of Tenericutes phylum was lower in individuals with some in fl ammation-related disorders compared with controls 25,26 .”
A review of metabolic and microbial influences on women with polycystic ovarian syndrome
Ravat, F. K., Goswami, J., Nair, S. M., & Thummar, K. N. (2024) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109512 · Cited by 26
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“Since variations in gut microbiota combination have been reported in subjects with PCOS (22), synbiotics can be considered as remedial agents (15).”
Jang, H., Joung, H., Chu, J., Cho, M., Kim, Y.-W., Kim, K. H., Shin, C. H., Lee, J., & Ha, J. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16244260 · Cited by 19
“The gut microbiota, consisting of trillions of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract, are essential for maintaining host health and homeostasis, with compositional changes playing a major role in various diseases [54,55].”
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“Several studies have demonstrated that PCOS is associated with alterations in the microorganisms of the intestines (24-26) and vaginal region (27-29).”
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“Numeric evidence has shown that gut microbiota disturbance is associated with depression disorder [18, 19] and PCOS [15–17].”
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Interplay between PCOS and microbiome: The road less travelled
Batra, M., Bhatnager, R., Kumar, A., Suneja, P., & Dang, A. S. (2022) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/aji.13580 · Cited by 19
Exploring the role of gut microbiota in obesity and PCOS: Current updates and future prospects
Zhang, H., Butoyi, C., Yuan, G., & Jia, J. (2023) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110781 · Cited by 20
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“Other variables considered were stool consistency [45], read depth [45], day of the menstrual cycle during sample collection [45], IR [21, 29, 42], and smoking status [21, 24, 28, 37, 39, 40, 42].”
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Diet-Regulating Microbiota and Host Immune System in Liver Disease
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“The gut microbiota is known to have a crucial role in immunology, hormones, inflammation, and metabolism [6].”
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“…or the GIT respectively to colonize distal mucosal sites during epithelial barrier breach (e.g., gingivitis and leaky gut) (Jeon et al., 2017; Lindheim et al., 2017); and fourth is sexual transmission of pathogens via secretions, semen, seminal plasma, and preputial and vaginal mucus (Miller…”
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“Recent studies indicate a possible relationship between the gut and female tract microbiota, associating specific intestinal bacterial patterns with genital female diseases (Norman et al., 2007; Lindheim et al., 2017).”
Leung, W. T., Tang, Z., Feng, Y., Guan, H., Huang, Z., & Zhang, W. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14245285 · Cited by 17
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Gut Microbiota: Phenotype Matters
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Probiotic supplement for the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome
Ramzan, H., Bukhari, D. A., Bibi, Z., Arifullah, Isha, I., Nawaz, A., & Rehman, A. (2024) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108785 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Lindheim, L., Bashir, M., Münzker, J., Trummer, C., Zachhuber, V., Leber, B., Horvath, A., Pieber, T. R., Gorkiewicz, G., Stadlbauer, V., & Obermayer-Pietsch, B.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- University of Graz (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Lindheim, Lisa
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2017-01-03
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e0168390
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5207627
- OpenAlex
- W2568515092
- Cited by
- 416
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 27.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Austrian Science Fund (W1241)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- polycystic ovary syndrome, gut microbiota, intestinal barrier, endotoxemia, intestinal permeability, microbial diversity, Tenericutes, Bacteroidetes, S24-7, inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, reproductive disorders, metabolic defects
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adult, Anthropometry, Feces, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Tenericutes, Pilot Projects, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Surveys and Questionnaires, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Case-Control Studies, Principal Component Analysis, Bacteroidetes, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
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