The DOI matches its Crossref record; 79 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of microplastic exposure on the body condition and behaviour of planktivorous reef fish (Acanthochromis polyacanthus)
Open accessAbstract
The effect of a pollutant on the base of the food web can have knock-on effects for trophic structure and ecosystem functioning. In this study we assess the effect of microplastic exposure on juveniles of a planktivorous fish (Acanthochromis polyacanthus), a species that is widespread and abundant on Indo-Pacific coral reefs. Under five different plastic concentration treatments, with plastics the same size as the natural food particles (mean 2mm diameter), there was no significant effect of plastic exposure on fish growth, body condition or behaviour. The amount of plastics found in the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract was low, with a range of one to eight particles remaining in the gut of individual fish at the end of a 6-week plastic-exposure period, suggesting that these fish are able to detect and avoid ingesting microplastics in this size range. However, in a second experiment the number of plastics in the GI tract vastly increased when plastic particle size was reduced to approximately one quarter the size of the food particles, with a maximum of 2102 small (< 300μm diameter) particles present in the gut of individual fish after a 1-week plastic exposure period. Under conditions where food was replaced by plastic, there was a negative effect on the growth and body condition of the fish. These results suggest plastics could become more of a problem as they break up into smaller size classes, and that environmental changes that lead to a decrease in plankton concentrations combined with microplastic presence is likely have a greater influence on fish populations than microplastic presence alone.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures






Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The inclusion of higher order mesopredators (i.e., reef fish) in such studies is less frequent (Critchell and Hoogenboom, 2018; Santana et al., 2021), leaving a gap in our understanding of the mech anisms of MPs transfer to and their ecological fate in these higher trophic level organisms.”
From Trophic transfer of polyester microfibres across a multi-level marine food web. (2025) · cites this paper as Critchell and Hoogenboom, 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,817
Microplastics in the marine environment
Andrady, A. L. (2011) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030 · Cited by 8,105
Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L. C. M., Carson, H. S., Thiel, M., Moore, C. J., Borerro, J. C., Galgani, F., Ryan, P. G., & Reisser, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111913 · Cited by 4,710
The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review.
Derraik, J. G. B. (2002) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00220-5 · Cited by 4,042
Developmental Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Wildlife and Humans
Colborn, T., Saal, F. S. V., & Soto, A. M. (1993) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.93101378 · Cited by 3,570
Plastics, the environment and human health: current consensus and future trends
Thompson, R. C., Moore, C. J., Saal, F. S. V., & Swan, S. H. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0053 · Cited by 3,069
Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton
Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Fileman, E., Halsband, C., Goodhead, R., Moger, J., & Galloway, T. S. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es400663f · Cited by 2,763
Eerkes-Medrano, D., Thompson, R. C., & Aldridge, D. C. (2015) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.012 · Cited by 2,638
Ingested plastic transfers hazardous chemicals to fish and induces hepatic stress
Rochman, C. M., Hoh, E., Kurobe, T., & Teh, S. J. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep03263 · Cited by 2,169
Lusher, A. L., McHugh, M., & Thompson, R. C. (2013) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.11.028 · Cited by 2,075
Compensation for a bad start: grow now, pay later?
Metcalfe, N. B., & Monaghan, P. (2001) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02124-3 · Cited by 1,948
The present and future of microplastic pollution in the marine environment
do Sul, J. A. I., & da Costa, M. F. (2013) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.036 · Cited by 1,663
Ingestion and transfer of microplastics in the planktonic food web
Setälä, O., Fleming-Lehtinen, V., & Lehtiniemi, M. (2014) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.013 · Cited by 1,635
Trophic level transfer of microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.)
Farrell, P., & Nelson, K. (2013) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.046 · Cited by 1,507
Global phytoplankton decline over the past century
Boyce, D. G., Lewis, M. R., & Worm, B. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09268 · Cited by 1,363
Polystyrene Spherules in Coastal Waters
Carpenter, E. J., Anderson, S. J., Harvey, G. R., Miklas, H. P., & Peck, B. B. (1972) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.178.4062.749 · Cited by 1,115
Van Cauwenberghe, L., Claessens, M., Vandegehuchte, M. B., & Janssen, C. R. (2015) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.008 · Cited by 1,084
Microplastic ingestion decreases energy reserves in marine worms
Wright, S. L., Rowe, D., Thompson, R. C., & Galloway, T. S. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.068 · Cited by 1,079
Zhao, S., Zhu, L., Wang, T., & Li, D. (2014) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.032 · Cited by 1,054
Widespread distribution of microplastics in subsurface seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean
Desforges, J.-P. W., Galbraith, M., Dangerfield, N., & Ross, P. S. (2014) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.035 · Cited by 1,045
Effects of Microplastic on Fitness and PCB Bioaccumulation by the Lugworm Arenicola marina (L.)
Besseling, E., Wegner, A., Foekema, E. M., van den Heuvel-Greve, M. J., & Koelmans, A. A. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es302763x · Cited by 1,012
Foekema, E. M., de Gruijter, C., Mergia, M. T., van Franeker, J. A., Murk, A. J., & Koelmans, A. A. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es400931b · Cited by 1,008
Ingestion of microplastics by commercial fish off the Portuguese coast
Neves, D., Sobral, P., Ferreira, J. L., & Pereira, T. R. (2015) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.008 · Cited by 978
Rochman, C. M., Hoh, E., Hentschel, B. T., & Kaye, S. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es303700s · Cited by 975
Microplastic – an emerging contaminant of potential concern?
Browne, M. A., Galloway, T., & Thompson, R. (2007) · Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management · doi:10.1002/ieam.5630030412 · Cited by 856
Avio, C. G., Gorbi, S., & Regoli, F. (2015) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.06.014 · Cited by 849
Uptake and Retention of Microplastics by the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas
Watts, A. J. R., Lewis, C., Goodhead, R. M., Beckett, S. J., Moger, J., Tyler, C. R., & Galloway, T. S. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es501090e · Cited by 730
Adaptive Behavior and Learning
Fantino, E. J., & Staddon, J. E. R. (1985) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422461 · Cited by 711
The size, mass, and composition of plastic debris in the western North Atlantic Ocean.
Morét-Ferguson, S., Law, K., Proskurowski, G., Murphy, E., Peacock, E., & Reddy, C. (2010) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.07.020 · Cited by 636
Plastic Ingestion by Pelagic and Demersal Fish from the North Sea and Baltic Sea
Rummel, C. D., Löder, M. G. J., Fricke, N. F., Lang, T., Griebeler, E.-M., Janke, M., & Gerdts, G. (2016) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.043 · Cited by 632
Romeo, T., Battaglia, P., Pedà, C., Consoli, P., Andaloro, F., & Fossi, M. C. (2015) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.048 · Cited by 601
de Sá, L. C., Luís, L. G., & Guilhermino, L. M. (2014) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.10.026 · Cited by 594
Microplastic ingestion by scleractinian corals
Hall, N. M., Berry, K., Rintoul, L., & Hoogenboom, M. O. (2015) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-015-2619-7 · Cited by 571
Self-citationElliott, J. M. (1976) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/3590 · Cited by 526
Chua, E. M., Shimeta, J., Nugegoda, D., Morrison, P. D., & Clarke, B. O. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es405717z · Cited by 494
Competitive sorption of persistent organic pollutants onto microplastics in the marine environment.
Bakir, A., Rowland, S., & Thompson, R. (2012) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.09.010 · Cited by 487
Plastic debris ingestion by marine catfish: An unexpected fisheries impact
Possatto, F. E., Barletta, M., da Costa, M. F., do Sul, J. A. I., & Dantas, D. V. (2011) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.036 · Cited by 453
Small plastic debris changes water movement and heat transfer through beach sediments
Carson, H. S., Colbert, S. L., Kaylor, M. J., & McDermid, K. J. (2011) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.032 · Cited by 423
Microplastic pollution in the marine waters and sediments of Hong Kong
Tsang, Y. Y., Mak, C. W., Liebich, C., Lam, S.-W., Sze, E. T.-P., & Chan, K. M. (2016) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.003 · Cited by 370
Apparent Size as the Determinant of Prey Selection by Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis Macrochirus)
O’Brien, W. J., Slade, N. A., & Vinyard, G. L. (1976) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1935055 · Cited by 316
Vendel, A. L., Bessa, F., Alves, V. E. N., Amorim, A. L. A., Patrício, J., & Palma, A. R. T. (2017) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.081 · Cited by 314
The incidence and characteristics of plastic particles ingested by seabirds
Ryan, P. G. (1987) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/0141-1136(87)90028-6 · Cited by 306
Chellappa, S., Huntingford, F. A., STRANG, R. H. C., & Thomson, R. Y. (1995) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb06002.x · Cited by 299
Adaptive Behavior and Learning
Staddon, J. E. R. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139998369 · Cited by 280
Effects of ingested plastic on seabird feeding: Evidence from chickens
Ryan, P. G. (1988) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0025-326x(88)90708-4 · Cited by 254
Spear, L. B., Ainley, D. G., & Ribic, C. A. (1995) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/0141-1136(94)00140-k · Cited by 249
Plastic ingestion by harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in The Netherlands
Rebolledo, E. L. B., van Franeker, J. A., Jansen, O. E., & Brasseur, S. (2012) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.11.035 · Cited by 244
Elliott, J. M. (1975) · Freshwater Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.1975.tb00142.x · Cited by 221
Detection of low numbers of microplastics in North Sea fish using strict quality assurance criteria
Hermsen, E., Pompe, R., Besseling, E., & Koelmans, A. A. (2017) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.051 · Cited by 217
Elliott, J. M. (1973) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00345047 · Cited by 193
Odours from marine plastic debris induce food search behaviours in a forage fish
Savoca, M., Tyson, C., McGill, M., & Slager, C. J. (2017) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.1000 · Cited by 191
Trophic relationships among fishes and plankton in the lagoon at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands
Hobson, E. S., & Chess, J. R. (1978) · Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Institution) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.16272411 · Cited by 190
Pierce, K. E., Harris, R., Larned, L., & Pokras, M. A. (2004) · Marine ornithology · doi:10.5038/2074-1235.32.2.623 · Cited by 184
Interspecific Territoriality in a Pomacentrid Reef Fish, Pomacentrus Flavicauda Whitley
Low, R. M. (1971) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1934153 · Cited by 168
Hughes, N. F. (1992) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/f92-222 · Cited by 166
Linking Angling Catch Rates and Fish Learning under Catch-and-Release Regulations
Askey, P. J., Richards, S. A., Post, J. R., & Parkinson, E. A. (2006) · North American Journal of Fisheries Management · doi:10.1577/m06-035.1 · Cited by 141
Food of introduced mosquitofish: ontogenetic diet shift and prey selection
García‐Berthou, E. (1999) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1006/jfbi.1999.0983 · Cited by 141
Forrester, G. E. (1991) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80116-2 · Cited by 129
Goncharov, A., Rej, R., Negoita, S., Schymura, M. J., Santiago‐Rivera, A. L., Morse, G. S., the Akwesasne Task Force on the Environment, & Carpenter, D. O. (2009) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.0800134 · Cited by 113
Adams, C. E., Huntingford, F. A., Turnbull, J. F., & Beattie, C. (1998) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(98)00302-0 · Cited by 112
ENERGETICS, PREDATION, AND RATION AFFECT SIZE-DEPENDENT GROWTH AND MORTALITY OF FISH DURING WINTER
Garvey, J. E., Ostrand, K. G., & Wahl, D. H. (2004) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/03-0329 · Cited by 112
Acampora, H., Schuyler, Q. A., Townsend, K. A., & Hardesty, B. D. (2013) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.009 · Cited by 108
Verlis, K. M., Campbell, M. L., & Wilson, S. P. (2013) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.03.017 · Cited by 98
Exercise, agonistic behaviour and food acquisition in Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus
Adams, C. E., Huntingford, F. A., Krpal, J., Jobling, M., & Burnett, S. J. (1995) · Environmental Biology of Fishes · doi:10.1007/bf00002494 · Cited by 91
Young green turtles, Chelonia mydas, exposed to plastic in a frontal area of the SW Atlantic
Carman, V. G., Acha, E. M., Maxwell, S. M., Albareda, D., Campagna, C., & Mianzán, H. (2013) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.012 · Cited by 87
Pereira, J. J., Mercaldo‐Allen, R., Kuropat, C. A., Luedke, D., & Sennefelder, G. (1993) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/bf01146157 · Cited by 87
Imre, I., Grant, J. W. A., & Keeley, E. R. (2004) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-003-1432-z · Cited by 78
Effects of simulated underwater vehicle lighting on fish behavior
Ryer, C., Stoner, A., Iseri, P. J., & Spencer, M. (2009) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps08168 · Cited by 78
Hoogenboom, M. O., Armstrong, J. D., Groothuis, T. G. G., & Metcalfe, N. B. (2012) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/ars161 · Cited by 51
Self-citationIs diel activity determined by social rank in a drift-feeding stream fish dominance hierarchy?
David, B. O., Closs, G. P., Crow, S. K., & Hansen, E. A. (2007) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.08.015 · Cited by 50
Ma, Z., Guo, H., Zhang, D., Hu, C., & Jiang, S. (2014) · Aquaculture Research · doi:10.1111/are.12413 · Cited by 44
Bello, A. D., Valastro, C., Freggi, D., Lai, O. R., Crescenzo, G., & Franchini, D. (2013) · Diseases of Aquatic Organisms · doi:10.3354/dao02641 · Cited by 37
Dunbrack, R. L., Clarke, L., & Bässler, C. (1996) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01456.x · Cited by 36
Hurst, T., Spencer, M., Sogard, S., & Stoner, A. (2005) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps293233 · Cited by 36
Toobaie, A., & Grant, J. W. A. (2012) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.10.032 · Cited by 31
Phillips, R. R., & Swears, S. B. (1979) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/0003-3472(79)90059-9 · Cited by 27
Simulated coal spill causes mortality and growth inhibition in tropical marine organisms
Berry, K., Hoogenboom, M. O., Flores, F., & Negri, A. P. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25894 · Cited by 24
Self-citationPlankton blooms and patchiness generated by heterogeneous physical environments
Bengfort, M., Feudel, U., Hilker, F. M., & Malchow, H. (2014) · Ecological Complexity · doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2014.10.003 · Cited by 24
Sparks, R. E., Waller, W. T., & Cairns, J. (1972) · Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada · doi:10.1139/f72-208 · Cited by 20
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- I Kinan, 2000, Abundance of plastic debris and ingestion by albatross on Kure Atoll, North-western Hawaiian Islands, Marine Ornithology, 28
- Hoss D, Settle L, editors. ingestion of plastics by teleost fishes. Second International Conference on Marine Debris; 1989; Honolulu, Hawaii. USA1990.
- AR Emery, 1973, Comparative Ecology and Functional Osteology of Fourteen Species of Damselfish (Pisces: Pomacentridae) at Alligator Reef, Florida Keys, Bulletin of Marine Science, 23, 649
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Miller, M. E., Hamann, M., & Kroon, F. J. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240792 · Cited by 657
“When removing extreme uptake values for Acanthochromis polyacanthus (up to 2,102 MPs individual; [63]), average MP uptake is reduced to 11.”
BackgroundMicroplastics and seafood: lower trophic organisms at highest risk of contamination
Walkinshaw, C., Lindeque, P. K., Thompson, R. C., Tolhurst, T. J., & Cole, M. (2019) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110066 · Cited by 624
“…fish, sampled from across the globe, have been found to ingest microplastics (Bellas et al. , 2016; Rummel et al. , 2016; Bråte et al. , 2016; Lusher, McHugh and Thompson, 2013; Ory et al. , 2018; Tanaka and Takada, 2016; Rochman et al. , 2015; Neves et al. , 2015; Critchell and Hoogenboom, 2018).”
Effects of Microplastics on Fish and in Human Health
Bhuyan, M. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.827289 · Cited by 581
Micro- and nanoplastic toxicity on aquatic life: Determining factors
Kögel, T., Bjorøy, Ø., Toto, B., Bienfait, A. M., & Sanden, M. (2020) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136050 · Cited by 518
Wu, B., Wu, X., Liu, S., Wang, Z., & Chen, L. (2019) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.056 · Cited by 528
Metadata
- Authors
- Critchell, K., & Hoogenboom, M. O.
- Affiliations
- James Cook University (AU)
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Critchell, Kay
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2018-03-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e0193308
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5832226
- OpenAlex
- W2793168889
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 10.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2024-07-02)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ResearchOnline at James Cook University (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Own your potential (DEAKIN) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies
- Keywords
- microplastics, Acanthochromis polyacanthus, juvenile fish, body condition, fish growth, fish behavior, plastic ingestion, gastrointestinal tract, plastic particle size, coral reef fish, food webs
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Body Composition, Environmental Monitoring, Particle Size, Perciformes, Plankton, Plastics, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Ecosystem, Food Chain, Gastrointestinal Tract
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review