Cited by 86Malaria Research and ControlInsect Resistance and GeneticsDengue and Mosquito Control Research

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Pyrethroids resistance intensity and resistance mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae from malaria vector surveillance sites in Nigeria

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Awolola, Taiwo Samson, Adeogun, Adedapo, Olakiigbe, Abiodun K., Oyeniyi, Tolulope, Olukosi, Yetunde Adeola, Okoh, Hilary, Arowolo, Tolulope, Akila, Joel, Oduola, Adedayo, Amajoh, Chioma N.·2018·PLOS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0205230PMC PMC6281219

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Abstract

Anopheles gambiae, An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis are the three major vectors of malaria in Nigeria. These mosquitoes have developed resistance to different insecticides. Insecticides resistance intensity assay was recently introduced to provide insight into the potential operational significance of insecticide resistance. Here, we present data on pyrethroids resistance intensity and resistance mechanisms from six vector surveillance sites (Lagos, Ogun, Edo, Anambra, Kwara and Niger) in Nigeria. Adult Anopheles reared from larval collections were tested using WHO insecticides susceptibility protocol with 1x concentration of permethrin and deltamethrin followed with intensity assays with 5x and 10x concentrations of both insecticides. Synergistic and biochemical assays were carried out and underlying resistance mechanisms determined following standard protocols. Anopheles gambiae constituted >50% samples tested in five sites. Permethrin and deltamethrin resistance was observed at all the sites. The Kdt50 varied from 15 minutes (CI = 13.6-17.2) in deltamethrin to 42.1 minutes (CI = 39.4-44.1) in permethrin. For both insecticides, Kdt95 was >30 minutes with 25% to 87% post exposure mortality at the different sites. The West Africa knock down resistance (kdr-w) mechanism was found at each site. Resistant An. gambiae from Lagos, Ogun and Niger synergized prior to permethrin or deltamethrin exposure showed significant mortality (89-100%) compared to unsynergized mosquitoes (Lagos, p = 0.031; Ogun, p = 0.025; Niger, p = 0.018). Biochemical analyses revealed significant increased levels of P450 enzymes in resistant Anopheles gambiae from Lagos (p = 0.038); Ogun (p = 0.042) and Niger (p = 0.028) in addition to GST in Lagos (p = 0.028) and Ogun (p = 0.033). Overall, the results revealed high pyrethroid resistance associated with increased activities of metabolic enzymes (P450 + GST) in An. gambiae and An. coluzzii from Lagos and Ogun. The presence of kdr + P450 conferred moderate resistance whereas low resistance was the case where kdr was the sole resistance mechanism. Findings thus suggests that elevated levels of cytochrome P450 enzymes together with GST were responsible for high or severe pyrethroid resistance.

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Fig 1 Map of Nigeria showing the study sites in Lagos, Ogun, Edo, Anambra, Kwara and Niger States.CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 2 Permethrin resistance intensity in Anopheles gambiae, An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis from Lagos (LA), Ogun (OG), Edo (ED), Anambra (AN), Niger (NG) and Kwara (KW).CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 3 Deltamethrin resistance intensity in Anopheles gambiae, An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis from Lagos (LA), Ogun (OG), Edo (ED), Anambra (AN), Niger (NG) and Kwara (KW).CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 4 Mean level of monooxygenase in pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae from Lagos (A), Ogun (B) and Niger (C) in relation to the susceptible Kisumu strain.CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 5 Percentage increase or decrease in GST activity level in families of Anopheles gambiae from Lagos, Ogun, Kwara and Niger relative to the baseline Kisumu level set at zero.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Additional file 5 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
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Additional file 4 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
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Additional file 3 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
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Additional file 7 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
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Additional file 8 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
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Additional file 3 of Assessing cross-resistance within the pyrethroids in terms of their interactions with key cytochrome P450 enzymes and resistance in vector populations
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Additional file 2 of Assessing cross-resistance within the pyrethroids in terms of their interactions with key cytochrome P450 enzymes and resistance in vector populations
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Additional file 2 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
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Additional file 1 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
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Additional file 6 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
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Additional file 1 of Assessing cross-resistance within the pyrethroids in terms of their interactions with key cytochrome P450 enzymes and resistance in vector populations
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Authors: Awolola, T. S., Adeogun, A., Olakiigbe, A. K., Oyeniyi, T., Olukosi, Y. A., Okoh, H., Arowolo, T., Akila, J., Oduola, A., & Amajoh, C. N.
Affiliations: Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NG)
Federal University Oye Ekiti (NG)
World Health Organization - Nigeria (NG)
Federal Ministry of Health (NG)
University of Ilorin (NG)
Corresponding author: Awolola, Taiwo Samson
ORCID: Awolola, Taiwo Samson
Adeogun, Adedapo
Olakiigbe, Abiodun K.
Oyeniyi, Tolulope
Okoh, Hilary
Oduola, Adedayo
Venue: PLOS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2018-12-05
Volume: 13
Issue: 12
Pages: e0205230
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205230
PMC: PMC6281219
OpenAlex: W2902180337
Cited by: 86
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 2
FWCI: 6.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: World Health Organization Special Program on Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (B20388)
Vestergaard Frandsen (EA) Ltd (IRB/11/168)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Dengue and Mosquito Control Research
Keywords: Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles coluzzii, Anopheles arabiensis, pyrethroid resistance, permethrin, deltamethrin, kdr mutation, metabolic resistance, cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, synergists, malaria vectors, Nigeria, resistance mechanisms
MeSH terms: Mosquito Vectors, Animals, Anopheles, Drug Resistance, Humans, Malaria, Nigeria, Nitriles, Pyrethrins, Permethrin

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Pyrethroids resistance intensity and resistance mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae from malaria vector surveillance sites in Nigeria

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