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Pyrethroids resistance intensity and resistance mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae from malaria vector surveillance sites in Nigeria
Open accessAbstract
Anopheles gambiae, An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis are the three major vectors of malaria in Nigeria. These mosquitoes have developed resistance to different insecticides. Insecticides resistance intensity assay was recently introduced to provide insight into the potential operational significance of insecticide resistance. Here, we present data on pyrethroids resistance intensity and resistance mechanisms from six vector surveillance sites (Lagos, Ogun, Edo, Anambra, Kwara and Niger) in Nigeria. Adult Anopheles reared from larval collections were tested using WHO insecticides susceptibility protocol with 1x concentration of permethrin and deltamethrin followed with intensity assays with 5x and 10x concentrations of both insecticides. Synergistic and biochemical assays were carried out and underlying resistance mechanisms determined following standard protocols. Anopheles gambiae constituted >50% samples tested in five sites. Permethrin and deltamethrin resistance was observed at all the sites. The Kdt50 varied from 15 minutes (CI = 13.6-17.2) in deltamethrin to 42.1 minutes (CI = 39.4-44.1) in permethrin. For both insecticides, Kdt95 was >30 minutes with 25% to 87% post exposure mortality at the different sites. The West Africa knock down resistance (kdr-w) mechanism was found at each site. Resistant An. gambiae from Lagos, Ogun and Niger synergized prior to permethrin or deltamethrin exposure showed significant mortality (89-100%) compared to unsynergized mosquitoes (Lagos, p = 0.031; Ogun, p = 0.025; Niger, p = 0.018). Biochemical analyses revealed significant increased levels of P450 enzymes in resistant Anopheles gambiae from Lagos (p = 0.038); Ogun (p = 0.042) and Niger (p = 0.028) in addition to GST in Lagos (p = 0.028) and Ogun (p = 0.033). Overall, the results revealed high pyrethroid resistance associated with increased activities of metabolic enzymes (P450 + GST) in An. gambiae and An. coluzzii from Lagos and Ogun. The presence of kdr + P450 conferred moderate resistance whereas low resistance was the case where kdr was the sole resistance mechanism. Findings thus suggests that elevated levels of cytochrome P450 enzymes together with GST were responsible for high or severe pyrethroid resistance.
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“except on very few occasions [49–51], past and recent surveys in Delta and Anambra States have failed to detect An. arabiensis in field campaigns [14, 17, 52].”
From Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Awolola, T. S., Adeogun, A., Olakiigbe, A. K., Oyeniyi, T., Olukosi, Y. A., Okoh, H., Arowolo, T., Akila, J., Oduola, A., & Amajoh, C. N.
- Affiliations
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NG)
- Federal University Oye Ekiti (NG)
- World Health Organization - Nigeria (NG)
- Federal Ministry of Health (NG)
- University of Ilorin (NG)
- Corresponding author
- Awolola, Taiwo Samson
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2018-12-05
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e0205230
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6281219
- OpenAlex
- W2902180337
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 6.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- World Health Organization Special Program on Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (B20388)
- Vestergaard Frandsen (EA) Ltd (IRB/11/168)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Dengue and Mosquito Control Research
- Keywords
- Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles coluzzii, Anopheles arabiensis, pyrethroid resistance, permethrin, deltamethrin, kdr mutation, metabolic resistance, cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, synergists, malaria vectors, Nigeria, resistance mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Mosquito Vectors, Animals, Anopheles, Drug Resistance, Humans, Malaria, Nigeria, Nitriles, Pyrethrins, Permethrin
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