The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Can emotional intelligence be improved? A randomized experimental study of a business-oriented EI training program for senior managers
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: This article presents the results of a training program in emotional intelligence.Design/methodology/approach: Emotional Intelligence (EI) involves two important competencies: (1) the ability to recognize feelings and emotions in oneself and others, and (2) the ability to use that information to resolve conflicts and problems to improve interactions with others.We provided a 30-hour Training Course on Emotional Intelligence (TCEI) for 54 senior managers of a private company.A pretest-posttest design with a control group was adopted.Findings: EI assessed using mixed and ability-based measures can be improved after training.Originality/value: The study's results revealed that EI can be improved within business environments.Results and implications of including EI training in professional development plans for private organizations are discussed. Defining EIVarious models of emotional intelligence (EI) have been proposed.The existing scientific literature offers three main models of EI: mixed, ability, and trait models.First, mixed models conceptualize EI as a combination of emotional skills and personality dimensions such as
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“According to a number of studies, emotional intelligence can be learned and improved through the implementation of intervention programs (Gilar-Corbi et al., 2019; Nelis et al., 2011).”
From Adolescent Social Media Use and Emotional Intelligence: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as Gilar-Corbi et al., 2019
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,217
Evaluating Training Programs : The Four Levels
Kirkpatrick, D. L. (2009) · Cited by 4,720
The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude
Wong, C., & Law, K. S. (2002) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(02)00099-1 · Cited by 3,631
TARGET ARTICLES: "Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Findings, and Implications"
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2004) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1503_02 · Cited by 2,802
Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence
George, J. M. (2000) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726700538001 · Cited by 2,027
Emotional intelligence: New ability or eclectic traits?
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2008) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.63.6.503 · Cited by 2,012
Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2001) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.416 · Cited by 1,997
The intelligence of emotional intelligence
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1993) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(93)90010-3 · Cited by 1,970
Primal leadership: realizing the power of emotional intelligence
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-0392 · Cited by 1,944
The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI).
Bar‐On, R. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 1,813
Emotional intelligence: An integrative meta-analysis and cascading model
Joseph, D. L., & Newman, D. A. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017286 · Cited by 1,722
The location of trait emotional intelligence in personality factor space
Petrides, K. V., Pita, R., & Kokkinaki, F. (2007) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712606x120618 · Cited by 1,387
Goleman, D. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 1,164
Emotional intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation of predictive validity and nomological net
Van Rooy, D. L., & Viswesvaran, C. (2004) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0001-8791(03)00076-9 · Cited by 1,007
Carmeli, A. (2003) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940310511881 · Cited by 899
Emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and job performance
Côté, S., & Miners, C. T. H. (2006) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.51.1.1 · Cited by 873
Relation of employee and manager emotional intelligence to job satisfaction and performance
Sy, T., Tram, S., & O’Hara, L. A. (2006) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.003 · Cited by 805
Emotional intelligence and effective leadership
Palmer, B. R., Walls, M., Burgess, Z., & Stough, C. K. K. (2001) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730110380174 · Cited by 773
Examining the relationship between leadership and emotional intelligence in senior level managers
Gardner, L., & Stough, C. K. K. (2002) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730210419198 · Cited by 690
Rosete, D., & Ciarrochi, J. (2005) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730510607871 · Cited by 595
Increasing emotional intelligence: (How) is it possible?
Nelis, D., Quoidbach, J., Mikolajczak, M., & Hansenne, M. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.046 · Cited by 558
Health, performance and emotional intelligence: an exploratory study of retail managers
Slaski, M., & Cartwright, S. (2002) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.926 · Cited by 528
Primal Leadership: Realizing the Power of Emotional Intelligence
(2003) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/jocm.2003.16.1.123.3 · Cited by 489
New paradigms for assessing emotional intelligence: Theory and data.
MacCann, C., & Roberts, R. D. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0012746 · Cited by 481
Improving Emotional Intelligence: A Systematic Review of Existing Work and Future Challenges
Kotsou, I., Mikolajczak, M., Heeren, A., Grégoire, J. C., & Leys, C. (2018) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073917735902 · Cited by 480
Emotional intelligence training and its implications for stress, health and performance
Slaski, M., & Cartwright, S. (2003) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.979 · Cited by 475
Nelis, D., Kotsou, I., Quoidbach, J., Hansenne, M., Weytens, F., Dupuis, P., & Mikolajczak, M. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0021554 · Cited by 472
How Efficient Are Emotional Intelligence Trainings: A Meta-Analysis
Hodžić, S., Scharfen, J., Ripoll, P., Holling, H., & Zenasni, F. (2017) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073917708613 · Cited by 457
Transformational leadership and performance: A longitudinal investigation
Yammarino, F. J., Spangler, W. D., & Bass, B. M. (1993) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/1048-9843(93)90005-e · Cited by 440
Emergent leaders as managers of group emotion
Pescosolido, A. T. (2002) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(02)00145-5 · Cited by 423
Emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness
Kerr, R., Garvin, J., Heaton, N., & Boyle, E. (2006) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730610666028 · Cited by 421
Emotional intelligence as the basis of leadership emergence in self-managing teams
Wolff, S. B., Pescosolido, A. T., & Druskat, V. U. (2002) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(02)00141-8 · Cited by 418
Social intelligence and the biology of leadership.
Goleman, D., & Boyatzis, R. E. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 400
Humphrey, R., Pollack, J., & Hawver, T. H. (2008) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940810850790 · Cited by 398
Brasseur, S., Grégoire, J., Bourdu, R., & Mikolajczak, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062635 · Cited by 361
Exploring Stress Resilience in Trainee Social Workers: The Role of Emotional and Social Competencies
Kinman, G., & Grant, L. (2010) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcq088 · Cited by 313
Pool, L. D., & Qualter, P. (2012) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.01.010 · Cited by 295
Applying emotional intelligence in the workplace
Cooper, R. K. (1997) · Training and development journal · Cited by 288
Clarke, N. (2010) · Project Management Journal · doi:10.1002/pmj.20162 · Cited by 287
Boyatzis, R. E., & Saatcioglu, A. (2008) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/02621710810840785 · Cited by 283
Bar‐On, R. (2004) · Cited by 282
The new leaders: transforming the art of leadership into the science of results
Balint, S. (2003) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/s0268-4012(03)00031-8 · Cited by 273
The New Leaders: Transforming the Art of Leadership into the Science of Results
Boyatzis, R. E., & McKee, A. (2002) · Cited by 271
Key Competences in Europe: interpretation, policy formulation and implementation
Halász, G., & Michel, A. (2011) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3435.2011.01491.x · Cited by 244
The Wild West of Executive Coaching
Bolt, J. F. (2005) · Harvard business review · Cited by 234
(2013) · OAR@UM (University of Malta) · Cited by 213
Transformational leadership as a mediator between emotional intelligence and team outcomes
Hur, Y., van den Berg, P. T., & Wilderom, C. P. M. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.05.002 · Cited by 209
Project relationship management and the Stakeholder Circle™
Bourne, L., & Walker, D. H. T. (2008) · International Journal of Managing Projects in Business · doi:10.1108/17538370810846450 · Cited by 208
Emotional intelligence and job satisfaction: the role of organizational learning capability
Chiva, R., & Alegre, J. (2008) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/00483480810906900 · Cited by 197
Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Styles in Construction Project Management
Sunindijo, R. Y., Hadikusumo, B. H. W., & Ogunlana, S. O. (2007) · Journal of Management in Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)0742-597x(2007)23:4(166 · Cited by 184
Leadership at the top: the need for emotional intelligence in organizations
Dulewicz, V., & Higgs, M. (2003) · The International Journal of Organizational Analysis · doi:10.1108/eb028971 · Cited by 180
Emotional Intelligence, Emotional Exhaustion, And Job Performance
Moon, T., & Hur, W. (2011) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2011.39.8.1087 · Cited by 163
Positive Psychology in the Workplace
Froman, L. (2009) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-009-9080-0 · Cited by 159
Going Beyond The Ability-Trait Debate: The Three-Level Model of Emotional Intelligence
Mikolajczak, M. (2010) · E-Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.7790/ejap.v5i2.175 · Cited by 156
The role of organizational leaders in employee emotion management: A theoretical model
Kaplan, S. A., Cortina, J. M., Ruark, G. A., LaPort, K., & Nicolaides, V. (2013) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.015 · Cited by 147
Clarke, N. M. P. (2009) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.08.004 · Cited by 145
Can Emotional Intelligence be developed?
Dulewicz, V., & Higgs, M. J. (2003) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/0958519032000157366 · Cited by 140
Can Emotional Intelligence be Developed?
Higgs, M. J., & Dulewicz, V. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32637-5_5 · Cited by 128
Emotional intelligence (EI) capabilities training: can it develop EI in project teams?
Turner, R., & Lloyd‐Walker, B. (2008) · International Journal of Managing Projects in Business · doi:10.1108/17538370810906237 · Cited by 105
Developing emotional intelligence abilities through team‐based learning
Clarke, N. M. P. (2010) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.20036 · Cited by 98
A Longitudinal Study of Emotional Intelligence Training for Otolaryngology Residents and Faculty
Dugan, J. W., Weatherly, R. A., Girod, D. A., Barber, C. E., & Tsue, T. T. (2014) · JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2014.1169 · Cited by 97
Leadership and emotion management for complex tasks: Different emotions, different strategies
Thiel, C. E., Connelly, S., & Griffith, J. A. (2012) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.12.005 · Cited by 75
Effects of an emotional intelligence training program on service quality of bank branches
Beigi, M., & Shirmohammadi, M. (2011) · Managing Service Quality · doi:10.1108/09604521111159825 · Cited by 63
Cherniss, C., Grimm, L. G., & Liautaud, J. P. (2010) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/02621711011039196 · Cited by 61
Corbí, R. G., Pozo-Rico, T., & Costa, J. L. C. (2018) · Educación XX1 · doi:10.5944/educxx1.19880 · Cited by 45
Self-citationCha, J., Cichy, R. F., & Kim, S. H. (2008) · Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism · doi:10.1080/15332840802274411 · Cited by 27
The Effect of the Emotional Intelligence on Job Satisfaction
Şener, E., Özlem, D., & Sarlak, K. (2009) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/978-1-60750-024-7-710 · Cited by 26
Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Education in the School Years
Pérez-González, J. C., & Qualter, P. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394260157.ch6 · Cited by 25
Integrating trait and ability EI in predicting transformational leadership
Foster, C., & Roche, F. (2014) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-07-2012-0087 · Cited by 20
Moving beyond the ability-trait debate : A three level model of emotional intelligence
Mikolajczak, M. (2009) · Digital Access to Libraries (Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Université de Namur (UNamur) and the Université Saint-Louis (USL-B)) · Cited by 15
Learning to Face Emotional Intelligence: Training and Workplace Applications
Daus, C. S., & Cage, T. G. (2008) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781848443778.00025 · Cited by 10
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- R. Bar-On, 2002, EQ-i: Bar On emotional quotient inventory: A measure of emotional intelligence: Technical manual
- B. Moreno-Jimenez, 2014, Social skills for the new organizations, Behavioral Psychology-Psicologia Conductual, 22, 585
- B. F. Batool, 2013, Emotional intelligence and effective leadership, Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 4, 84
- R. Gilar-Corbi, 2019, Improving emotional intelligence in higher education students: testing program effectiveness in tree countries, Educacion Xx1, 22, 161
- L. D. Pool, 2012, Improving emotional intelligence and emotional self-efficacy through a teaching intervention for university students, Learning and Individual Differences, 22, 306, 10.1016/j.lindif.2012.01.010 · DOI
- T. Staudel, 2008, Key competences for apprentices, International Journal of Psychology, 43, 336
- R. Bar-On, 2004, Measuring emotional intelligence: common ground and controversy, 111
- C. MacCann, 2008, The brief assessment of emotional intelligence: Short forms of the Situational Test of Emotional Understanding (STEU) and Situational Test of Emotion Management (STEM)
- J. F. Hair, 1999, Análisis Multivariante
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pozo-Rico, T., Corbí, R. G., Izquierdo, A., & Costa, J. L. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17228633 · Cited by 136
Self-citationAlmadani, N. A. (2024) · Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7372-9.ch004 · Cited by 112
Training emotional competencies at the workplace: a systematic review and metaanalysis
Mehler, M., Balint, E. M., Gralla, M., Pößnecker, T., Gast, M., Holzer, M. S., Koesters, M., & Gündel, H. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02198-3 · Cited by 97
Stoller, J. K. (2020) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.093 · Cited by 67
Adolescent Social Media Use and Emotional Intelligence: A Systematic Review
Piccerillo, L., & Digennaro, S. (2025) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-024-00245-z · Cited by 55
“According to a number of studies, emotional intelligence can be learned and improved through the implementation of intervention programs (Gilar-Corbi et al., 2019; Nelis et al., 2011).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Gilar-Corbi, R., Pozo-Rico, T., Sánchez, B., & Castejón, J.-L.
- Affiliations
- University of Alicante (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Pozo-Rico, Teresa
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2019-10-23
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e0224254
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6808549
- OpenAlex
- W2982171655
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 10.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Alicante (Universidad de Alicante) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (EDU2015-64562-R)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotional Intelligence and Performance
- Social Sciences › Education › Social Skills and Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation
- Keywords
- emotional intelligence, emotional intelligence training, business executives, professional development, conflict resolution, workplace emotions, private enterprises
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Leadership, Male, Negotiating, Emotional Intelligence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
