Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence

George, Jennifer M.

doi:10.1177/0018726700538001

Cited by 2,027Emotional Intelligence and PerformanceLeadership and Management in OrganizationsEgo Development and Educational Practices

Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence

George, Jennifer M.·2000·Human Relations

DOI 10.1177/0018726700538001

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Abstract

This paper suggests that feelings (moods and emotions) play a central role in the leadership process. More specifically, it is proposed that emotional intelligence, the ability to understand and manage moods and emotions in the self and others, contributes to effective leadership in organizations. Four major aspects of emotional intelligence, the appraisal and expression of emotion, the use of emotion to enhance cognitive processes and decision making, knowledge about emotions, and management of emotions, are described. Then, I propose how emotional intelligence contributes to effective leadership by focusing on five essential elements of leader effectiveness: development of collective goals and objectives; instilling in others an appreciation of the importance of work activities; generating and maintaining enthusiasm, confidence, optimism, cooperation, and trust; encouraging flexibility in decision making and change; and establishing and maintaining a meaningful identity for an organization.

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Emotions play an important role in leadership.
“The point (which, as you note, we already agree upon) is that emotions play an important role in leadership.”
From Does leadership need emotional intelligence? (2009) · cites this paper as George, 2000
Leadership is an emotion-laden process, and a leader who can manage his/her own emotions and have empathy for others will be more effective in the workplace.
“Moreover, it is now widely accepted that leadership is an emotion-laden process, and a leader who can manage his/her own emotions and have empathy for others will be more effective in the workplace.”
From Does leadership need emotional intelligence? (2009) · cites this paper as George, 2000

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Comment
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Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership
Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001 · Cited by 5,478 · see citing works
WORK ENGAGEMENT: A QUANTITATIVE REVIEW AND TEST OF ITS RELATIONS WITH TASK AND CONTEXTUAL PERFORMANCE
CHRISTIAN, M. S., GARZA, A. S., & SLAUGHTER, J. E. (2011) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x · Cited by 2,903 · see citing works
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Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors
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Can you see the real me? A self-based model of authentic leader and follower development
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Servant Leadership: A Review and Synthesis
van Dierendonck, D. (2011) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206310380462 · Cited by 2,218 · see citing works
Organizational Behavior: Affect in the Workplace
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The Construct and Criterion Validity of Emotional Intelligence and Its Potential Utility for Management Studies.
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Authentic leadership and eudaemonic well-being: Understanding leader–follower outcomes
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Why Does Affect Matter in Organizations?
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The Contagious Leader: Impact of the Leader's Mood on the Mood of Group Members, Group Affective Tone, and Group Processes.
Sy, T., Côté, S., & Saavedra, R. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.2.295 · Cited by 1,121 · see citing works
Contemplating Mindfulness at Work: An Integrative Review
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7 Emotion in Organizations: A Review and Theoretical Integration
Elfenbein, H. A. (2007) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/078559812 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Emotional intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation of predictive validity and nomological net
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The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure
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“(7) Interpersonal acceptance: the ability to understand and experience the feelings of others, understand where people come from (George 2000), and the ability to let go of perceived wrongdoings and not carry a grudge into other situations (McCullough et al. 2000).”
Background
The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behavior and outcomes: An examination among senior managers
Carmeli, A. (2003) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940310511881 · Cited by 899 · see citing works
Affective Influences on Judgments and Behavior in Organizations: An Information Processing Perspective
Forgas, J. P., & George, J. M. (2001) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2001.2971 · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Self-citation
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Emotional intelligence in the workplace: a critical review
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Exploring the Relationships between Organizational Virtuousness and Performance
Cameron, K. S., Bright, D., & Caza, A. (2004) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764203260209 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
A SOCIAL IDENTITY MODEL OF LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS IN ORGANIZATIONS
van Knippenberg, D., & Hogg, M. A. (2003) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0191-3085(03)25006-1 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Awakening employee creativity: The role of leader emotional intelligence
Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2003) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(03)00051-1 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Self-citation
Examining the relationship between leadership and emotional intelligence in senior level managers
Gardner, L., & Stough, C. K. K. (2002) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730210419198 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Emotion in the workplace: The new challenge for managers
Ashkanasy, N. M., & Daus, C. S. (2002) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/ame.2002.6640191 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Emotional Intelligence and Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Meta-Analysis
Harms, P. D., & Credé, M. (2010) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051809350894 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Diversity and Emotion: The New Frontiers in Organizational Behavior Research
Ashkanasy, N. M., Härtel, C. E. J., & Daus, C. S. (2002) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920630202800304 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Leading from within: the effects of emotion recognition and personality on transformational leadership behavior
Rubin, R. S., Munz, D. C., & Bommer, W. H. (2005) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2005.18803926 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Emotion and attribution of intentionality in leader–member relationships
Dasborough, M. T., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2002) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(02)00147-9 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Leader Political Skill and Team Performance
Ahearn, K. K., Ferris, G. R., Hochwarter, W. A., Douglas, C., & Ammeter, A. P. (2003) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/j.jm.2003.01.004 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Bringing humility to leadership: Antecedents and consequences of leader humility
Morris, J. A., Brotheridge, C. M., & Urbanski, J. C. (2005) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726705059929 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Does leadership need emotional intelligence?
Antonakis, J., Ashkanasy, N. M., & Dasborough, M. T. (2009) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.01.006 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
On Being Positive: Concerns and Counterpoints
Fineman, S. (2006) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2006.20208680 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Must "service with a smile" be stressful? The moderating role of personal control for American and French employees.
Grandey, A., Fisk, G. M., & Steiner, D. D. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.893 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Service with A Smile and Encounter Satisfaction: Emotional Contagion and Appraisal Mechanisms
Barger, P. B., & Grandey, A. A. (2006) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2006.23478695 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Emotions in the Workplace
Ashkanasy, N. M., & Dorris, A. (2017) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113231 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
The Authentic Leadership Inventory (ALI): Development and empirical tests
Neider, L. L., & Schriesheim, C. A. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.008 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Leadership, affect and emotions: A state of the science review
Gooty, J., Connelly, S., Griffith, J., & Gupta, A. (2010) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.005 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Managers Doing Leadership: The Extra-Ordinarization of the Mundane
Alvesson, M. G., & Sveningsson, S. (2003) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/00187267035612001 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Emotional intelligence, leadership effectiveness, and team outcomes
Melita Prati, L., Douglas, C., Ferris, G. R., Ammeter, A. P., & Buckley, M. R. (2003) · The International Journal of Organizational Analysis · doi:10.1108/eb028961 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Can emotional intelligence be trained? A meta-analytical investigation
Mattingly, V. P., & Kraiger, K. (2018) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.03.002 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Emotional Intelligence as a Moderator of Emotional and Behavioral Reactions to Job Insecurity
Jordan, P. J., Ashkanasy, N. M., & Härtel, C. E. J. (2002) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/4134384 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Leadership for Sustainability: An Evolution of Leadership Ability
Metcalf, L., & Benn, S. (2012) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1278-6 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
How leaders influence the impact of affective events on team climate and performance in R&D teams
Pirola-Merlo, A., Härtel, C., Mann, L., & Hirst, G. (2002) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(02)00144-3 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
“You wouldn’t like me when I’m sleepy”: Leaders’ sleep, daily abusive supervision, and work unit engagement
Barnes, C. M., Lucianetti, L., Bhave, D. P., & Christian, M. S. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2013.1063 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
The case for the ability‐based model of emotional intelligence in organizational behavior
Daus, C. S., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2005) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.321 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
EMOTIONS IN ORGANIZATIONS: A MULTI-LEVEL PERSPECTIVE
Ashkanasy, N. M. (2004) · Research in multi-level issues · doi:10.1016/s1475-9144(03)02002-2 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Emotion cycles: On the social influence of emotion in organizations
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Emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness
Kerr, R., Garvin, J., Heaton, N., & Boyle, E. (2006) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730610666028 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
When Competence Is Irrelevant: The Role of Interpersonal Affect in Task-Related Ties
Casciaro, T., & Lobo, M. S. (2008) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.53.4.655 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Emotional labor and leadership: A threat to authenticity?
Gardner, W. L., Fischer, D., & Hunt, J. G. (2009) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.011 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Leading with emotional labor
Humphrey, R., Pollack, J., & Hawver, T. H. (2008) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940810850790 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Emergent leaders as managers of group emotion
Pescosolido, A. T. (2002) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(02)00145-5 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Cognitive asymmetry in employee emotional reactions to leadership behaviors
Dasborough, M. T. (2006) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.12.004 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Emotional intelligence or artificial intelligence– an employee perspective
Prentice, C., Dominique‐Ferreira, S., & Wang, X. (2019) · Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management · doi:10.1080/19368623.2019.1647124 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Current Emotion Research in Organizational Behavior
Ashkanasy, N., & Humphrey, R. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910391684 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Leadership and followership identity processes: A multilevel review
Epitropaki, O., Kark, R., Mainemelis, C., & Lord, R. G. (2016) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.10.003 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
The Emotional Intelligence of Transformational Leaders: A Field Study of Elected Officials
Barbuto, J. E., & Burbach, M. E. (2006) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.146.1.51-64 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Searing Sentiment Or Cold Calculation? The Effects Of Leader Emotional Displays On Team Performance Depend On Follower Epistemic Motivation
Van Kleef, G. A., Homan, A. C., Beersma, B., Van Knippenberg, D., Van Knippenberg, B., & Damen, F. (2009) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2009.41331253 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Empathy and the emergence of task and relations leaders
Kellett, J. B., Humphrey, R. H., & Sleeth, R. G. (2006) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.12.003 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Is passion contagious? The transference of entrepreneurial passion to employees
Cardon, M. S. (2008) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.04.001 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Exploring Stress Resilience in Trainee Social Workers: The Role of Emotional and Social Competencies
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Emotional intelligence and nursing: An integrative literature review
Smith, K. B., Profetto‐McGrath, J., & Cummings, G. G. (2009) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.05.024 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
The Relationship Among Emotional Intelligence, Task Performance, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors
Carmeli, A., & Josman, Z. E. (2006) · Human Performance · doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1904_5 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
The many faces of emotional contagion
Elfenbein, H. (2014) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/2041386614542889 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Emotional intelligence and its relationship to transformational leadership and key project manager competences
Clarke, N. (2010) · Project Management Journal · doi:10.1002/pmj.20162 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Empathy and complex task performance: Two routes to leadership
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Emotional intelligence and leadership emergence in small groups
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Values, emotions, and authenticity: Will the real leader please stand up?
Michie, S., & Gooty, J. (2005) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.006 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Emotional intelligence competencies in the team and team leader
Koman, E. S., & Wolff, S. B. (2008) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/02621710810840767 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Shared Authentic Leadership and New Venture Performance
Hmieleski, K. M., Cole, M. S., & Baron, R. A. (2011) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206311415419 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Emotional Intelligence: Sine Qua Non of Leadership or Folderol?
Walter, F. H., Cole, M. S., & Humphrey, R. H. (2011) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2011.59198449 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
The effects of emotional intelligence on job performance and life satisfaction for the research and development scientists in China
Law, K. S., Wong, C., Huang, G., & Li, X. (2007) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-007-9062-3 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
A Review of Multilevel Regulatory Focus in Organizations
Johnson, P. D., Smith, M. B., Wallace, J. C., Hill, A., & Baron, R. A. (2015) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206315575552 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Leadership and Neuroscience: Can We Revolutionize the Way That Inspirational Leaders Are Identified and Developed?
Waldman, D. A., Balthazard, P. A., & Peterson, S. J. (2011) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2011.59198450 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
On the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions
Zampetakis, L. A., Kafetsios, K. G., Bouranta, N., Dewett, T. C., & Moustakis, V. S. (2009) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/13552550910995452 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
A Motivational Theory of Charismatic Leadership: Envisioning, Empathy, and Empowerment
Choi, J. (2006) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/10717919070130010501 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Educational Leaders and Emotions
Berkovich, I., & Eyal, O. (2014) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654314550046 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Change Leadership: The Role of Emotional Intelligence
Mohammed, I. (2018) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244018800910 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Organizational emotional capability, product and process innovation, and firm performance: An empirical analysis
Akgün, A. E., Keski̇n, H., & Byrne, J. (2009) · Journal of Engineering and Technology Management · doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2009.06.008 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Leader Self‐Reported Emotional Intelligence and Perceived Employee Creativity: An Exploratory Study
Rego, A., Sousa, F., Pina e Cunha, M., Correia, A., & Saur‐Amaral, I. (2007) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8691.2007.00435.x · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Learning from errors: The role of context, emotion, and personality
Zhao, B. (2011) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.696 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Emotional intelligence in medical education: a critical review
Cherry, M. G., Fletcher, I. J., O’Sullivan, H., & Dornan, T. (2014) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.12406 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Social Effectiveness in Organizations: Construct Validity and Research Directions
Ferris, G. R., Perrewé, P. L., & Douglas, C. (2002) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/107179190200900104 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
A model of injustice, abusive supervision, and negative affect
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Emotionality and leadership: Taking stock of the past decade of research
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Authors: George, J. M.
Affiliations: Rice University (US)
Corresponding author: George, Jennifer M.
Venue: Human Relations
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2000-08
Volume: 53
Issue: 8
Pages: 1027-1055
ISSN: 0018-7267 (ISSN-L)
1741-282X
DOI: 10.1177/0018726700538001
OpenAlex: W2099320320
Cited by: 2,027
References: 158
Citations by year: 2026: 48 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 114 · 2022: 98 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 120 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 127 · 2014: 119 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 113
FWCI: 23.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Human Relations (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotional Intelligence and Performance
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Leadership and Management in Organizations
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Ego Development and Educational Practices
Keywords: emotional intelligence, leadership, emotions, mood, emotional management, emotional decision-making, leadership effectiveness, organizational identity, trust, organizational change, collective goals

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