Is older age associated with COVID-19 mortality in the absence of other risk factors? General population cohort study of 470,034 participants
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Introduction: Older people have been reported to be at higher risk of COVID-19 mortality. This study explored the factors mediating this association and whether older age was associated with increased mortality risk in the absence of other risk factors. Methods: In UK Biobank, a population cohort study, baseline data were linked to COVID-19 deaths. Poisson regression was used to study the association between current age and COVID-19 mortality. Results: Among eligible participants, 438 (0.09%) died of COVID-19. Current age was associated exponentially with COVID-19 mortality. Overall, participants aged ≥75 years were at 13-fold (95% CI 9.13–17.85) mortality risk compared with those <65 years. Low forced expiratory volume in 1 second, high systolic blood pressure, low handgrip strength, and multiple long-term conditions were significant mediators, and collectively explained 39.3% of their excess risk. The associations between these risk factors and COVID-19 mortality were stronger among older participants. Participants aged ≥75 without additional risk factors were at 4-fold risk (95% CI 1.57–9.96, P = 0.004) compared with all participants aged <65 years. Conclusions: Higher COVID-19 mortality among older adults was partially explained by other risk factors. ‘Healthy’ older adults were at much lower risk. Nonetheless, older age was an independent risk factor for COVID-19 mortality.
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Chronological age remains the single greatest risk factor for COVID-19 mortality.
“chronological age is still the single greatest risk factor for COVID-19 mortality13”
From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
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Hauck, A., Michael, T., & de Sá, D. S. F. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.068 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
MUC22, HLA-A, and HLA-DOB variants and COVID-19 in resilient super-agers from Brazil
Castelli, E. C., de Castro, M. V., Naslavsky, M. S., Scliar, M. O., Silva, N. D. S. B., Pereira, R. N., Ciríaco, V. A. D. O., Castro, C. F. B., Mendes‐Junior, C. T., Silveira, E. D. S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.975918 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Nanda, S., Suarez, A. S. C., Toussaint, L. L., Vincent, A., Fischer, K. M., Hurt, R. T., Schroeder, D. R., Medina‐Inojosa, J. R., O’Horo, J. C., DeJesus, R. S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501327211018559 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Nurses’ ethical challenges when providing care in nursing homes during the COVID-19 pandemic
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Patil, S. V., Dhumal, U., & Acharya, A. (2023) · Adesh University Journal of Medical Sciences & Research · doi:10.25259/aujmsr_35_2022 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Corona and Reproduction, or Why the Corona Vaccination Does Not Result in Infertility
Braun, A.-S., Feil, K., Reiser, E., Weiß, G., von Steuben, T., Pinggera, G., Köhn, F., & Tóth, B. (2022) · Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-1750-9284 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Stanton, A. M., Goodman, G. R., Blyler, A. P., Kirakosian, N., Labbe, A. K., Robbins, G., Park, E., & Psaros, C. (2022) · Aids and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-022-03950-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Factores de riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes mayores de 65 años hospitalizados por COVID-19
Ibáñez, J. M. F., Ballesteros, M. D. C. M., Andúgar, M. Á. G., Anguita, M. J. F., Arias, Á., & Barberá-Farré, J. R. (2021) · Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología · doi:10.1016/j.regg.2021.09.004 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Healthcare-associated COVID-19 outbreaks: a nationwide population-based cohort study
Wu, H.-H., Su, C.-H., Chien, L.-J., Tseng, S.-H., & Chang, S. (2022) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2022.02.023 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Comorbidities predict 30-day hospital mortality of older adults with COVID-19
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Paul, G., Strnad, P., Wienand, O., Krause, U., Plecko, T., Effenberger-Klein, A., Giel, K. E., Junne, F., Galante-Gottschalk, A., Ehehalt, S., et al. (2022) · Infection · doi:10.1007/s15010-022-01830-x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Risk Factors Associated with Mortality in COVID‐19 Hospitalized Patients: Data from the Middle East
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SARS‐CoV‐2 Human Challenge Trials: Rethinking the Recruitment of Healthy Young Adults First
Matsui, K., Inoue, Y., & Yamamoto, K. (2021) · Ethics & Human Research · doi:10.1002/eahr.500089 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Advanced machine learning based exploration for predicting pandemic fatality: Oman dataset
Shaqsi, J. A., Dorgham, O. M., & Aburass, S. (2023) · Informatics in Medicine Unlocked · doi:10.1016/j.imu.2023.101393 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Foláyan, M., Ibigbami, O., Brown, B., Tantawi, M. E., Aly, N. M., Ezechi, O., Abeldaño, G., Ara, E., Ayanore, M., Ellakany, P., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.779498 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Rauhala, A., Fagerström, L., Lindholst, A. C., Sinervo, T. S., Bertelsen, T. M., Bliksvær, T., Lunde, B. V., Solli, R., Wolmesjö, M., & Hansen, M. B. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948221085398 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A capacidade institucional do Setor Saúde e a resposta à COVID-19 em perspectiva global
Costa, N. D. R., da Silva, P. R. F., do Lago, M. J., & Jatobá, A. (2021) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-812320212610.11852021 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kousi, T., Vivacqua, D. P. F., Dalal, J., James, A., Câmara, D. C. P., Mesa, S. B., Chimbetete, C., Impouma, B., Williams, G. S., Mboussou, F., et al. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006821 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Global COVID-19 vaccine inequity: Preferences for overseas vaccine donations over booster shots
Lee, I., & Tipoe, E. (2022) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100447 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Poor Nutritional Status and Dynapenia Are Highly Prevalent in Post-Acute COVID-19
Blasio, F. D., Scalfi, L., Castellucci, B., Sacco, A. M., Berlingieri, G. M., Capitelli, L., Alicante, P., Sanduzzi, A., & Bocchino, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.888485 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
People’s understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic: social representations of SARS-CoV-2 virus in Italy
Prati, G., Tzankova, I., Barbieri, I., Guarino, A., Compare, C., Albanesi, C., & Cicognani, E. (2021) · Health Risk & Society · doi:10.1080/13698575.2021.1972089 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Role of “Ferritin” in COVID-19 pneumonia
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Higher rate of COVID-19 mortality in patients with type 1 than type 2 diabetes: a nationwide study
Demirci, İ., Haymana, C., Taşçı, İ., Satman, I., Atmaca, A., Sahin, M., Ata, N., Unluturk, U., Çakal, E., Dagdelen, S., et al. (2022) · Endokrynologia Polska · doi:10.5603/ep.a2022.0008 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tsai, Y., Ku, H., Maithreepala, S. D., Tsai, Y., Chen, L., Ko, N., & Mudiyanselage, S. P. K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192215125 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Krause, R. G. E., Moyo-Gwete, T., Richardson, S. I., Makhado, Z., Manamela, N. P., Hermanus, T., Mkhize, N. N., Keeton, R. S., Benede, N., Mennen, M., et al. (2023) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-023-00724-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Jaschke, P., Kosyakova, Y., Kuche, C., Walther, L., Goßner, L., Jacobsen, J., Ta, T. M. T., Hahn, E. W., Hans, S., & Bajbouj, M. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071331 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The impact of COVID-19 on “biological aging”
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The Role of the Health Coach in a Global Pandemic
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Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 during the first three waves in Scotland: a national record linkage study
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Clinical Manifestations and Outcomes of Older Patients with COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review
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Which National Factors Are Most Influential in the Spread of COVID-19?
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COVID-19–Related Outcomes in Primary Mitochondrial Diseases
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Yousif, M. Y. E., Eljack, M. M. F., Haroun, M. S.-E. H., Ahmed, K. A. H. M., Amir, O., Alfatih, M., Shiekh, A. K. A. T. A., Ahmed, M. A. O., Nour, A. B., Alhusseini, R. T., et al. (2022) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.523 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Retracted
- Authors
- Ho, F. K., Petermann-Rocha, F., Gray, S. R., Jani, B. D., Katikireddi, S. V., Niedzwiedz, C. L., Foster, H., Hastie, C. E., Mackay, D. F., Gill, J. M. R., O'Donnell, C., Welsh, P., Mair, F., Sattar, N., Celis-Morales, C. A., & Pell, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pell, Jill P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2020-11-05
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e0241824
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7644030
- OpenAlex
- W3095294932
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 67
- FWCI
- 8.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MC_PC_17228, MR/R024774/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- COVID-19 mortality, old age, older adults, risk factors, healthy aging, FEV1, systolic blood pressure, grip strength, chronic disease, UK Biobank
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Coronavirus Infections, Risk Assessment, Pandemics
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