Predictors of mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic in the US: Role of economic concerns, health worries and social distancing
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Abstract
Despite the profound health and economic implications of Covid-19, there is only limited knowledge to date about the role of economic concerns, health worries and social distancing for mental health outcomes during the pandemic. We analyze online survey data from the nationally representative “Understanding America Study” (UAS) covering the period of March 10-31st 2020 (sample size: 6,585). Mental health is assessed by the validated PHQ-4 instrument for measuring symptoms of depression and anxiety. About 29% (CI:27.4-.30.4%) of the US adult population reported some depression/anxiety symptoms over the study period, with symptoms deteriorating over the month of March. Worsening mental health was most strongly associated with concerns about the economic consequences of the pandemic, while concerns about the potential implications of the virus for respondents’ own health and social distancing also predicted increases in symptoms of depression and anxiety during the early stages of the pandemic in the US, albeit less strongly. Our findings point towards the possibility of a major mental health crisis unfolding simultaneously with the pandemic, with economic concerns being a key driving force of this crisis. These results highlight the likely importance of economic countermeasures and social policy for mitigating the impact of Covid-19 on adult mental health in the US over and above an effective public health response.
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COVID-related worry is associated with psychological distress during the pandemic.
“Several studies have shown that COVID-related worry is associated with psychological distress in the pandemic [7–9].”
From Worry and mental health in the Covid-19 pandemic: vulnerability factors in the general Norwegian population (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
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- Authors
- Kämpfen, F., Kohler, I. V., Ciancio, A., Bruine de Bruin, W., Maurer, J., & Kohler, H.-P.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Kohler, Iliana V.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2020-11-11
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e0241895
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7657497
- OpenAlex
- W3104772331
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 12.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (NIA P30AG12836, NICHD R24 HD044964)
- USC’s Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics
- Swedish Foundation for the Humanities and the Social Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, depression, anxiety, economic problems, health worry, social distancing, PHQ-4, Understanding America Study, economic policy, social policy, United States adults
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Economic Status, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk, United States, Health Behavior, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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