CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 24COVID-19 and Mental HealthCOVID-19 Prevention and ImpactCommunication and COVID-19 Impact

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Typologies of stress appraisal and problem-focused coping: associations with compliance with public health recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic

Open access
Landy, Justin F., Shigeto, Aya, Laxman, Daniel J., Scheier, Lawrence M.·2022·BMC Public Health
DOI 10.1186/s12889-022-13161-5PMC PMC9015906
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Background: Given prior research finding that young adults are less likely to engage in recommended public health behaviors (PHBs) than older adults, understanding who is and is not likely to engage in PHBs among young adults is crucial to mitigating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on the Transactional Theory of Stress and Coping, this study examined how typologies of stress appraisal (SA) and problem-focused coping (PFC) among young adults were associated with compliance with public health recommendations during the pandemic. Methods: An online sample of young adults in the United States, ages 18–35, was recruited during the early phase of the pandemic (April–May 2020). Participants reported their appraisals of how central, threatening, and uncontrollable the pandemic was, their tendencies to engage in instrumental, problem-focused coping strategies, and how frequently they engaged in three recommended PHBs (social distancing, mask wearing, and hand washing). Results: Using latent class analysis, we identified three classes of individuals: Low-SA/Low-PFC, Low-SA/High-PFC, and High-SA/High-PFC. Demographics did not efficiently distinguish membership in the three classes. The former two classes reported less compliance with public health recommendations than did the latter class. Tests of measurement invariance for gender indicated trivial differences in the composition of class membership and relations to compliance. Conclusions: This research uncovered three qualitatively distinct classes of people who differed in their appraisal of the pandemic and their tendency to engage in PFC. Individuals who view the pandemic as central and threatening and engage in problem-focused coping were more likely than their peers to comply with guidelines recommending social distancing, mask wearing, and hand washing. These results contribute to our understanding of why people do and do not comply with public health guidelines and highlight the importance of attending to psychological variables in public health research. Understanding what drives poor compliance with public health recommendations can contribute to efforts promoting better compliance, and ultimately better health outcomes.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s12889-022-13161-5

Cites

12 of 12 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Among American young adults, viewing the pandemic as threatening and using problem-focused coping was associated with greater engagement in protective behaviors such as social distancing, hand washing, and mask wearing.

    “young adults in America who viewed the pandemic as threatening and engaged in problemfocused coping were more likely to engage in protective behaviors, such as social distancing, hand washing, and mask wearing (Landy et al., 2022)”

    From RESILIENCE, COPING, AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ACROSS THE GLOBE – AN UPDATE: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? (2023) · cites this paper as Landy et al., 2022

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 50

  1. McKibbin W, Fernando R. The economic impact of COVID-19. In: Baldwin R, di WederMauro B, editors. Economics in the time of COVID-19. Centre for Economic Policy Research Press; 2020. p. 45–51.
  2. Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C, Agha M, Agha R. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): a review. Int J Surg. 2020;78:185–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018. · DOI · Paper page
  3. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, Rubin GJ. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8. · DOI · Paper page
  4. Ahorsu DK, Lin C-Y, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD. The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. Int J Ment Heal Addict. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8. · DOI · Paper page
  5. Luo F, Gheshlagh RG, Dalvand S, Saedmoucheshi S, Li Q. Systematic review and meta-analysis of fear of COVID-19. Front Psychol. 2021;12:661078. · DOI
  6. Eisma MC, Tamminga A, Smid GE, Boelen PA. Acute grief after deaths due to COVID-19, natural causes and unnatural causes: an empirical comparison. J Affect Disord. 2021;278:54. · DOI · Paper page
  7. Lee SA, Neimeyer RA. Pandemic grief scale: a screening tool for dysfunctional grief due to a COVID-19 loss. Death Stud. 2022;46(1):14. · DOI
  8. Neimeyer RA, Lee SA. Circumstances of the death and associated risk factors for severity and impairment of COVID-19 grief. Death Stud. 2022;46(1):34. · DOI
  9. Elhadi A, Alsouf A, Alhadi A, Hmeida A, Alshareea E, Dokali M, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and acceptance of healthcare workers and the public regarding the COVID-19 vaccine: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:955. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10987-3. · DOI
  10. Hutchins HJ, Wolff B, Leeb R, Ko JY, Odom E, Willey J, Friedman A, Bitsko RH. COVID-19 mitigation behaviors by age group—United States, April–June 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(43):1584. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6943e4. · DOI
  11. Kim JK, Crimmins EM. How does age affect personal and social reactions to COVID-19: results from the national understanding America Study. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241950. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241950. · DOI
  12. Folkman S. Personal control and stress and coping processes: a theoretical analysis. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1984;46(4):839. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.839. · DOI
  13. Folkman S, Lazarus RS. An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. J Health Soc Behav. 1980;21(3):219–39. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136617. · DOI
  14. Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer; 1984.
  15. Lubke GH, Muthén B. Investigating population heterogeneity with factor mixture models. Psychol Methods. 2005;10(1):21. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.10.1.21. · DOI
  16. Compas BE, Malcarne VL, Banez GA. Coping with psychosocial stress: a developmental perspective. In: Carpenter BN, editor. Personal coping: theory, research, and application. Praeger; 1992. p. 47–63.
  17. Li JB, Yang A, Dou K, Wang LX, Zhang MC, Lin XQ. Chinese public’s knowledge, perceived severity, and perceived controllability of COVID-19 and their associations with emotional and behavioural reactions, social participation, and precautionary behaviour: a national survey. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1589. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09695-1. · DOI
  18. Rad RE, Mohseni S, Takhti HK, et al. Application of the protection motivation theory for predicting COVID-19 preventive behaviors in Hormozgan, Iran: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:466. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10500-w. · DOI
  19. Lahiri A, Jha SS, Chakraborty A, Dobe M, Dey A. Role of threat and coping appraisal in protection motivation for adoption of preventive behavior during COVID-19 pandemic. Front Public Health. 2021;9:678566. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.678566. · DOI
  20. Thai TT, Le PTV, Huynh QHN, Pham PTT, Bui HTH. Perceived stress and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic among public health and preventive medicine students in Vietnam. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2021;14:795–804. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S317059. · DOI
  21. Clark C, Davila A, Regis M, Kraus S. Predictors of COVID-19 voluntary compliance behaviors: an international investigation. Global Transitions. 2020;2:76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glt.2020.06.003. · DOI
  22. Kleitman S, Fullerton DJ, Zhang LM, Blanchard MD, Lee J, Stankov L, Thompson V. To comply or not comply? A latent profile analysis of behaviours and attitudes during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0255268. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255268. · DOI
  23. Collins LM, Lanza ST. Latent class and latent transition analysis: with applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. Hoboken: Wiley; 2010.
  24. Badillo-Goicoechea E, Chang TH, Kim E, LaRocca S, Morris K, Deng X, et al. Global trends and predictors of face mask usage during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:2099. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12175-9. · DOI
  25. Karimy M, Bastami F, Sharifat R, Heydarabadi AB, Hatamzadeh N, Pakpour AH, et al. Factors related to preventive COVID-19 behaviors using health belief model among general population: a cross-sectional study in Iran. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1934. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11983-3. · DOI
  26. Voltmer E, Köslich-Strumann S, Walther A, Kasem M, Obst K, Kötter T. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress, mental health and coping behavior in German University students: a longitudinal study before and after the onset of the pandemic. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1385. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11295-6. · DOI
  27. Moran KR, Del Valle SY. A meta-analysis of the association between gender and protective behaviors in response to respiratory epidemics and pandemics. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0164541. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164541. · DOI
  28. Lee C. Gender, health, and health behaviors. In: Chrisler JC, McCreary DR, editors. Handbook of gender research in psychology. Springer Science+Business Media; 2010. p. 471–93. · DOI
  29. Shigeto A, Laxman DJ, Landy JF, Scheier LM. Typologies of coping in young adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Gen Psychol. 2021;148(3):272–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2021.1874864. · DOI
  30. Graham JW, Hofer SM, MacKinnon DP. Maximizing the usefulness of data obtained with planned missing value patterns: an application of maximum likelihood procedures. Multivar Behav Res. 1996;31(2):197–218. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3102_3. · DOI
  31. Little TD, Rhemtulla M. Planned missing data designs for developmental researchers. Child Development Perspectives. 2013;7(4):199–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12043. · DOI
  32. Peacock EJ, Wong PT. The stress appraisal measure (SAM): a multidimensional approach to cognitive appraisal. Stress Medicine. 1990;6(3):227–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2460060308. · DOI
  33. McDonald RP. Test theory: a unified treatment. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1999.
  34. MacCallum RC, Zhang S, Preacher KJ, Rucker DD. On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables. Psychol Methods. 2002;7(1):19–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.19. · DOI · Paper page
  35. Bugen LA, Hawkins RC. The coping assessment battery: Theoretical and empirical foundations. Los Angeles: In meeting of the American Psychological Association; 1981.
  36. Wills TA. Stress, coping, and tobacco and alcohol use in adolescence. In: Shiffman S, Wills TA, editors. Coping and substance use. Academic Press; 1985. p. 67–94.
  37. RStudio Team. RStudio: integrated development for R. 2018. http://www.rstudio.com.
  38. Van Buuren S, Groothuis-Oudshoorn K. mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. J Stat Softw. 2011;45:1–67. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v045.i03. · DOI · Paper page
  39. Kleinke K. Multiple imputation under violated distributional assumptions: a systematic evaluation of the assumed robustness of predictive mean matching. J Educ Behav Stat. 2017;42(4):371–404. https://doi.org/10.3102/1076998616687084. · DOI · Paper page
  40. Akaike H. Likelihood of a model and information criteria. J Econom. 1981;16(1):3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(81)90071-3. · DOI
  41. Schwarz G. Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann Stat. 1978;6(2):461–4. · DOI · Paper page
  42. McCutcheon AL. Latent class analysis. Newbury Park: Sage Publications; 1987. · DOI
  43. Nylund KL, Asparouhov T, Muthén BO. Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: a Monte Carlo simulation study. Struct Equ Modeling. 2007;14(4):535–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575396. · DOI · Paper page
  44. Garrett ES, Zeger SL. Latent class model diagnosis. Biometrics. 2000;56(4):1055–67. · DOI
  45. Asparouhov T, Muthén B. Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: three-step approaches using M plus. Struct Equ Modeling. 2014;21(3):329–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.01055.x. · DOI
  46. Vermunt JK. Latent class modeling with covariates: two improved three-step approaches. Polit Anal. 2010;18(4):450–69. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpq025. · DOI
  47. Evans JR, Mathur A. The value of online surveys. Internet research. 2005. · DOI
  48. Mortensen K, Hughes TL. Comparing amazon’s mechanical turk platform to conventional data collection methods in the health and medical research literature. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(4):533–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-017-4246-0. · DOI
  49. Kung FY, Kwok N, Brown DJ. Are attention check questions a threat to scale validity? Appl Psychol. 2018;67(2):264–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12108. · DOI
  50. Shekriladze I, Javakhishvili N, Chkhaidze N. Culture related factors may shape coping during pandemics. Front Psychol. 2021;12:1636. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.634078. · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Landy, J. F., Shigeto, A., Laxman, D. J., & Scheier, L. M.
Affiliations
  • Nova Southeastern University (US)
  • Arizona State University (US)
  • Lars Research Institute (US)
Corresponding author
Landy, Justin F.
ORCID
Venue
BMC Public Health
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-04-19
Volume
22
Issue
1
Pages
784-784
ISSN
1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s12889-022-13161-5
PMC
PMC9015906
OpenAlex
W4224225676
Cited by
24
References
12
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 1
FWCI
4.57
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
  • Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
Keywords
stress appraisal, problem-focused coping, public health recommendations, COVID-19 pandemic, young adults, social distancing, masking, hand washing, transactional model of stress and coping, psychological types, measurement invariance, gender differences
MeSH terms
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Humans, Public Health, United States, Young Adult, Pandemics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review