Circadian Rhythm of Salivary Cortisol, 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone, and Progesterone in Healthy Children
Abstract
Very few reference intervals for salivary steroids in children have been established to date (1). Even the manufacturers of salivary steroid assays do not provide sufficient reference data for their products. This lack of information is surprising because the measurement of salivary steroids has been accepted as being noninvasive and stress-free (2)(3). In particular, psychiatric and neuro-endocrinologic experiments are frequently designed with saliva as the medium of choice for steroid analysis (4)(5)(6). A large variety of stressors can rapidly affect the adrenal cortex, causing increased adrenal steroid concentrations. For example, hypoglycemia (7) or physical exercise (8) are potent physiologic stressors, whereas fear (9), feelings of inferiority (10)(11), or experiences at school (12)(13) can affect the adrenal cortex activity as psychologic stressors. The taking of blood can also influence adrenal steroid concentrations in children; saliva collection, however, is almost stress-free (14). The use of saliva for steroid analysis in children is therefore an excellent alternative to blood.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The paper found weak correlation or partial positive correlation for hormone circadian oscillations between glucocorticoids and gonadal hormones.
“As stated above, we found weak correlation or partial positive correlation for hormone circadian oscillations; see e.g. [114–116].”
From Fibromyalgia pathogenesis explained by a neuroendocrine multistable model (2024) · cites this paper as [116]
Cites
Salivary cortisol: a better measure of adrenal cortical function than serum cortisol
Vining, R. F., McGinley, R. A., Maksvytis, J. J., & Ho, K. Y. (1983) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1177/000456328302000601 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Steroids in Saliva for Assessing Endocrine Function
Riad-Fahmy, D., Read, G. F., WALKER, R. F., & Griffiths, K. (1982) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-3-4-367 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Shirtcliff, E. A. (2001) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(00)00042-1 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Schmidt-Reinwald, A., Pruessner, J. C., Hellhammer, D. H., Federenko, I., Rohleder, N., Schürmeyer, T. H., & Kirschbaum, C. (1999) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00103-4 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
The measurement of hormones in saliva: Possibilities and pitfalls
VINING, R. F. W., & McGinley, R. A. (1987) · Journal of Steroid Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0022-4731(87)90297-4 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Assessing Salivary Cortisol in Studies of Child Development
Schwartz, E. B., Granger, D. A., Susman, E. J., Gunnar, M. R., & Laird, B. (1998) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06173.x · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Kiess, W., Meidert, A. S., Dressendörfer, R. A., Schriever, K., Kessler, U., Köunig, A., Hp, S., & Strasburger, C. J. (1995) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-199504000-00020 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Stability of salivary steroids: the influences of storage, food and dental care
Gröschl, M. (2001) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(01)00111-8 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Longitudinal evaluation of the development of salivary cortisol circadian rhythm in infancy
Santiago, L. B., Jorge, S. M., & Moreira, A. C. (1996) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.645466.x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
New enzyme immunoassay for salivary cortisol
Raff, H., Homar, P. J., & Skoner, D. P. (2003) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/49.1.203 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Salivary cortisol for screening of Cushing's syndrome in children.
Martinelli, C. E., Sader, S. L., Oliveira, E. B., Daneluzzi, J. C., & Moreira, A. C. (1999) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00749.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Gafni, R. I., Papanicolaou, D. A., & Nieman, L. K. (2000) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/mpd.2000.106226 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Shimada, M., Takahashi, K., Ohkawa, T., Segawa, M., & Higurashi, M. (2008) · Hormone Research · doi:10.1159/000184628 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Antonini, S. R. R., Jorge, S. M., & Moreira, A. C. (2000) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2000.tb00561.x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Social hierarchy and adrenocortical stress reactivity in men
Hellhammer, D. H., Buchtal, J., Gutberlet, I., & Kirschbaum, C. (1997) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(97)00063-2 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Salivary cortisol as a tool for physiological studies and diagnostic strategies
Castro, M., Elias, P. C. L., Martinelli Jr., C. E., Antonini, S. R. R., Santiago, L., & Moreira, A. C. (2000) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2000001000006 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The awakening cortisol response and blood glucose levels
Hucklebridge, F. H., Clow, A., Abeyguneratne, T., Huezo-Diaz, P., & Evans, P. (1999) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00019-3 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Moya‐Albiol, L., Salvador, A., Costa, R., Martínez‐Sanchis, S., González‐Bono, E., Ricarte, J. J., & Arnedo, M. T. (2001) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(00)00125-2 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Gröschl, M., Rauh, M., & Dörr, H. G. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.3.8297 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationSalivary Cortisol Response to Stress in Children
Gunnar, M. R., Bruce, J., & Hickman, S. E. (2001) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000059275 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Gröschl, M., Rauh, M., Schmid, P., & Dörr, H. (2001) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(01)01960-4 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationRelation of marital status to social phobia severity
Hart, T. A., Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1999) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6394(1999)10:1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Nelson, K. (2001) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1080/00365510152379012 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Psychological correlates of salivary cortisol secretion among unemployed men and women
Grossi, G., Åhs, A., & Lundberg, U. (1998) · Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/bf02688666 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Physiological consequences of everyday psychosocial stress.
Pollard, T. M. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cortisol and 17-Hydroxyprogesterone Levels in Saliva of Healthy Neonates
Klug, I., Dressendörfer, R. A., Strasburger, C. J., Kühl, G. P., Reiter, H.-L., Reich, A., Müller, G., Meyer, K., Kratzsch, J., & Kieß, W. (2000) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000014242 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
24-Hour profiles of salivary progesterone
Delfs, T. M., Klein, S., FOTTRELL, P. F., Naether, O., Leidenberger, F. A., & Zimmermann, R. C. (1994) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)57058-7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Problems with salivary 17-hydroxyprogesterone determinations using the Salivette device.
Krüger, C., Breunig, U., Biskupek-Sigwart, J., & Hg, D. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Salivary cortisol levels in children during dental treatment.
Kandemir, S., OKŞAN, T., Alpöz, A. R., Ergezer, G., & Kabalak, T. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hampl, R., Foretová, L., Šulcová, J., & Stárka, L. (1990) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/bf02106278 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Progesterone in saliva as an index of ovarian function
Adekunle, A. O., Kim, J. B., Collins, W. P., & Whitehead, M. I. (1989) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/0020-7292(89)90543-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hoepffner, W., & Hubl, W. (2009) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1210542 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Pregnancy and amyloidosis: II. Suppression of amyloidogenesis during pregnancy
Shtrasburg, S., Pras, M., Dolitzki, M., Pariente, C., Gal, R., & Livneh, A. (2000) · Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1067/mlc.2000.109099 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 34 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Current Status of Salivary Hormone Analysis
Gröschl, M. (2008) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.108910 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Hubl, W. (2019) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_1768 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Measurement and meaning of salivary cortisol: A focus on health and disease in children
Jessop, D. S., & Turner‐Cobb, J. M. (2008) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890701365527 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
“The circadian pattern of cortisol secretion develops early in breastfed infants, generally not being present before 4 weeks (Groschl et al. 2003) but becoming apparent between 2 and 20 weeks post-partum, with no apparent gender dimorphism in early or late development during this period (Santiago et…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMental stress assessment using simultaneous measurement of EEG and fNIRS
Al-Shargie, F., Kiguchi, M., Badruddin, N., Dass, S. C., Hani, A. F. M., & Tang, T. B. (2016) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.7.003882 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Dettenborn, L., Tietze, A., Kirschbaum, C., & Stalder, T. (2012) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2012.654479 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
“For example, in research on infants, young children and adolescents, mixed results have been reported with some studies demonstrating age-dependent alterations in salivary cortisol levels over the day indicating a possible influence of pubertal development on cortisol secretion (Kiess et al. 1995; Tornhage 2002; Grosc…”
ResultSimultaneous measurement of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: Application and recommendations
Strahler, J., Skoluda, N., Kappert, M. B., & Nater, U. M. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.015 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
“variable, with a first appearance of a detectable discrepancy between morning and evening values at around 8-16 weeks [24-26] and an established rhythmicity at around 8 to 9 months of age [27, 28].”
BackgroundLiening, S. H., Stanton, S. J., Saini, E. K., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2009) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.10.001 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
“The majority of research on the fundamentals of salivary progesterone levels has been conducted in children, and focused almost solely on circadian rhythms, not the stability of progesterone over varying time periods [14].”
Cortisol in hair measured in young adults - a biomarker of major life stressors?
Karlén, J., Ludvigsson, J., Frostell, A. S., Theodorsson, E., & Faresjö, T. (2011) · BMC Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1186/1472-6890-11-12 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Strategies for salivary cortisol collection and analysis in research with children
Hanrahan, K., McCarthy, A. M., Kleiber, C., Lutgendorf, S. K., & Tsalikian, E. (2006) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2006.02.001 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Progesterone: the forgotten hormone in men?
Oettel, M., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2004) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/13685530400004199 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Harkness, K. L., Stewart, J. G., & Wynne‐Edwards, K. E. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.07.006 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“, 2001) between the hours of 3 pm and 5 pm because this is a period of low cortisol relative to the morning (Groschl et al., 2003).”
Vriendt, T. D., Moreno, L. A., & Henauw, S. D. (2009) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2009.02.009 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Salivary steroid assays – research or routine?
Wood, P. J. (2009) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1258/acb.2008.008208 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Steroid analysis in saliva: an overview.
Lewis, J. G. (2006) · PubMed Central · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Rauh, M., Gröschl, M., Rascher, W., & Dörr, H. G. (2006) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2006.01.015 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluation of saliva collection devices for the analysis of steroids, peptides and therapeutic drugs
Gröschl, M., Köhler, H., Topf, H., Rupprecht, T., & Rauh, M. (2008) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.033 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial closeness increases salivary progesterone in humans
Brown, S. L., Fredrickson, B. L., Wirth, M. M., Poulin, M. J., Meier, E. A., Heaphy, E. D., Cohen, M. D., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2009) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.03.022 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Gröschl, M., & Rauh, M. (2006) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2006.09.007 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationSex-related differences in immune development and the expression of atopy in early childhood
Uekert, S. J., Akan, G., Evans, M. D., Li, Z., Roberg, K. A., Tisler, C. J., DaSilva, D. F., Anderson, E., Gangnon, R. E., Allen, D. B., et al. (2006) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.09.008 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Maternal Influence on Child HPA Axis: A Prospective Study of Cortisol Levels in Hair
Karlén, J., Frostell, A. S., Theodorsson, E., Faresjö, T., & Ludvigsson, J. (2013) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1178 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
In vivo solid phase microextraction sampling of human saliva for non-invasive and on-site monitoring
Bessonneau, V., Boyacı, E., Maciążek-Jurczyk, M., & Pawliszyn, J. B. (2014) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2014.11.029 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Steroid measurement with LC–MS/MS in pediatric endocrinology
Rauh, M. (2008) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.007 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Salivary analysis is a proven alternative to plasma for the determination of hormones (Gröschl et al., 2003; Higashi Page 11 of 34 Ac ce pt ed M an us cr ip t et al., 2007; Lewis, 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIliadis, S. I., Comasco, E., Sylvén, S. M., Hellgren, C., Poromaa, I. S., & Skalkidou, A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135471 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“The provision of multiple cortisol samples has been advocated [88], since a series of measurements would more precisely depict the HPA-axis activity [89].”
BackgroundTemperament, speech and language: An overview
Conture, E. G., Kelly, E. M., & Walden, T. A. (2012) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2012.11.002 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Rumination and Impaired Cortisol Recovery Following a Social Stressor in Adolescent Depression
Stewart, J. G., Mazurka, R., Bond, L., Wynne‐Edwards, K. E., & Harkness, K. L. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9740-1 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Cortisol in the first year of life: Normative values and intra-individual variability
Tollenaar, M. S., Jansen, J., Beijers, R., Riksen‐Walraven, J. M., & de Weerth, C. (2010) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.12.003 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Relationship between salivary cortisol and progesterone levels in humans
Wirth, M. M., Meier, E. A., Fredrickson, B. L., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2006) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.007 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“, 1998), and levels peak in the morning and decline over the course of the day (Groschl et al., 2003).”
Dettweiler, U., Becker, C., Auestad, B. H., Simon, P., & Kirsch, P. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14050475 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Capaldi, V. F., Handwerger, K., Richardson, E., & Stroud, L. R. (2005) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15402010bsm0304_1 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Saliva: A Reliable Sample Matrix in Bioanalytics
Gröschl, M. (2017) · Bioanalysis · doi:10.4155/bio-2017-0010 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Faresjö, Å., Theodorsson, E., Chatziarzenis, M., Sapouna, V., Claesson, H.-P., Koppner, J., & Faresjö, T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073828 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Diurnal Cortisol Levels and Cortisol Response in Youths with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Gustafsson, P. E., Gustafsson, P. A., Ivarsson, T., & Nelson, N. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000123117 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Luigi, L. D., Baldari, C., Gallotta, M. C., Perroni, F., Romanelli, F., Lenzi, A., & Guidetti, L. (2006) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2005-872931 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Normative salivary cortisol values and responsivity in children
McCarthy, A. M., Hanrahan, K., Kleiber, C., Zimmerman, M. B., Lutgendorf, S. K., & Tsalikian, E. (2009) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2007.04.009 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…values for children’s salivary cortisol was identified by reviewing the literature on studies with healthy children (often a control group) (Bruce et al., 2002;Davis et al., 1999;Groschl et al., 2003;Gunnar, Bruce et al., 2001;Gunnar, Morison et al., 2001;Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001;Kiess et al., 1995).”
Törnhage, C., & Alfvén, G. (2006) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.2006.19.6.843 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Gröschl et al.(14) analysed salivary Cortisol daily from the first day of the menstrual cycle to the next cycle.”
Seizure occurrence and the circadian rhythm of cortisol: a systematic review
van Campen, J. S., Valentijn, F. A., Jansen, F. E., Joëls, M., & Braun, K. P. J. (2015) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.04.071 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Liu, C. H., Snidman, N. C., Leonard, A., Meyer, J. S., & Tronick, E. (2016) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21394 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…during the first year after birth might reflect any developmental change in cortisol output, given observations of decreases in diurnal basal measures of salivary cortisol within infants and mothers (De Weerth & van Geert, 2002; Gröschl et al., 2003; Grunau et al., 2007; Price et al., 1983).”
BackgroundCongenital adrenal hyperplasia – pharmacologic interventions from the prenatal phase to adulthood
Claahsen-van der Grinten, H. L., Stikkelbroeck, N. M. M. L., Otten, B. J., & Hermus, A. R. M. M. (2011) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.05.004 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Correlation between maternal and infant cortisol varies by breastfeeding status
Neelon, S. E. B., Stroo, M., Mayhew, M., Maselko, J., & Hoyo, C. (2015) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.06.005 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Overweight and obese children have lower cortisol levels than normal weight children
Kjölhede, E. A., Gustafsson, P. E., Gustafsson, P., & Nelson, N. (2013) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.12499 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Findings from studies about cortisol levels in healthy children (17,18) are inconsistent.”
BackgroundInfluentialthe HELENA Study Group, Vriendt, T. D., Clays, E., Moreno, L. A., Bergman, P., Vicente‐Rodríguez, G., Nagy, E., Dietrich, S., Μanios, Y., & Henauw, S. D. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-717 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Braquehais, M. D., Picouto, M. D., Casas, M., & Sher, L. (2012) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-012-0358-0 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Fu, R., Chen, Y.-F., Huang, Y., Chen, S., Duan, F., Li, J., Wu, J., Jiang, D., Gao, J., Gu, J. J., et al. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2022.3174821 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cho, C., Moon, J.-H., Yoon, H., Kang, S., Geum, D., Son, G. H., Lim, J.-M., Kim, L., Lee, E., & Lee, H. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep31846 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Measurement of Salivary Cortisol as a Marker of Stress in Newborns in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Cabral, D. M., Antonini, S. R. R., Custódio, R. J., Martinelli, C. E., & da Silva, C. A. B. (2013) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000351942 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Gaffey, A. E., & Wirth, M. M. (2014) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.5142.1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Wennström, B., Törnhage, C., Nasic, S., Hedelin, H. H., & Bergh, I. H. (2011) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2011.03656.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Effect of ACTH (tetracosactide) on steroid hormone levels in the mare
Hedberg, Y., Dalin, A. ‐., Forsberg, M., Lundeheim, N., Sandh, G., Hoffmann, B., Ludwig, C., & Kindahl, H. (2006) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.06.007 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Rauh, M., Stachel, D., Kuhlen, M., schl, M. G., Holter, W., & Rascher, W. (2006) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2165/00003088-200645030-00006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationLuigi, L. D., Guidetti, L., Baldari, C., Gallotta, M. C., Sgrò, P., Perroni, F., Romanelli, F., & Lenzi, A. (2006) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03347373 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Approaches to Salivary Cortisol Collection and Analysis in Infants
Tryphonopoulos, P. D., Letourneau, N. L., & Azar, R. (2013) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800413507128 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mazurka, R., Wynne‐Edwards, K. E., & Harkness, K. L. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0103-y · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Cortisol Collection and Hormone Determinations All participants completed the TSST between 3 and 5 pm to lessen the effect of diurnal changes in cortisol levels (Groschl 2003).”
BackgroundKonishi, S., Brindle, E., Guyton, A., & O’Connor, K. A. (2012) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22114 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…Anthropology of both blood and salivary cortisol has been well documented (e.g., Darne et al., 1989; McCracken and Poland, 1989; Allolio et al., 1990; Groschl et al., 2003; Liening et al., 2010), studies on the saliva to blood cortisol ratio with respect to diurnal variation have been scarce.”
InfluentialRóka, A., Bekő, G., Halász, J., Toldi, G., Lakatos, P., Azzopardi, D., Tulassay, T., & Szabó, M. (2012) · Inflammation Research · doi:10.1007/s00011-012-0554-3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Salivary alpha-amylase, salivary cortisol, and anxiety during a youth taekwondo championship
Capranica, L., Condello, G., Tornello, F., Iona, T., Chiodo, S., Valenzano, A. A., Rosas, M. D., Messina, G., Tessitore, A., & Cibelli, G. (2017) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000007272 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Determinants of sensitization to allergen in infants and young children
Kim, H. Y., Shin, Y. H., & Han, M. Y. (2014) · Korean Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.3345/kjp.2014.57.5.205 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mazurka, R., Wynne‐Edwards, K. E., & Harkness, K. L. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617739973 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Effect of ACTH (tetracosactide) on steroid hormone levels in the mare
Hedberg, Y., Dalin, A. ‐., Forsberg, M., Lundeheim, N., Hoffmann, B., Ludwig, C., & Kindahl, H. (2006) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.06.008 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“A diurnal rhythm in progesterone has been demonstrated in children over two years of age (Gröschl et al., 2003).”
BackgroundCunningham, S., Mazurka, R., Wynne‐Edwards, K. E., Milev, R. V., Pizzagalli, D. A., Kennedy, S. H., & Harkness, K. L. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.126 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“, 2001) between 2:00-4:30pm to avoid post-awakening increases in hormones (Groschl et al., 2003) in 5 ml polypropylene vials (PGC Scientifics Corporation, MD).”
BackgroundMethodDeveloping physiologic stress profiles for school-age children who stutter
Ortega, A. Y., & Ambrose, N. G. (2011) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2011.04.007 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Cortisol reference measures were based on those developed by Gröschl, Rauh, and Dörr (2003).”
MethodHuman Sexual Differences in the Use of Social Ostracism as a Competitive Tactic
Benenson, J. F., Hodgson, L., Heath, S., & Welch, P. J. (2008) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9283-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The mean levels of salivary cortisol for the preplay (x= 5.92 pmo/L, SD=1.51) and postplay (x=4.57 pmo/L, SD=1.28) samples were within the range of established norms for children 11–13 yr of age at noon time (x= 6.00 pmo/L, ±3.30) (Groschl et al. 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialUrlacher, S., Kim, E. Y., Luan, T., Young, L. J., & Adjetey, B. (2022) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23811 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“First, cortisol has a strong pulsatile and diurnal pattern of secretion among humans and likely most other primates (Adam & Kumari, 2009; Gröschl et al., 2003).”
BackgroundSubstitution therapy in adult patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Reisch, N. (2014) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2014.11.002 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The effects of audiovisual distraction on children's pain during laceration repair
Ha, Y. O., & Kim, H. S. (2013) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.12165 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hadwin, J. A., Lee, E. J., Kumsta, R., Cortese, S., & Kovshoff, H. (2019) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmental-2019-300098 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Özdoğan, H., Çetinalp, S., Kuran, G., Tuğal, Ö., Tahiroglu, M., HERDEM, Ü. E., & Haytoğlu, S. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Anesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2017.03.001 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kara, D., Bayrak, N. A., Volkan, B., Uçar, C., Cevizci, M. N., & Yıldız, S. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002142 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Schröder, M. A. M., van Herwaarden, A. E., Span, P. N., van den Akker, E. L. T., Bocca, G., Hannema, S. E., van der Kamp, H. J., Kort, S. W. K. D., Mooij, C. F., Schott, D. A., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab826 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Volkan, B., Bayrak, N. A., Uçar, C., Kara, D., & Yıldız, S. (2019) · Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.4103/sjg.sjg_493_18 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“[15] A previous study reported s‐cortisol concentrations >28 nmol/L to indicate a high stress response in children.[16] In our study, some patients in both groups had higher s‐cortisol levels in different stages of the saliva sampling.”
Durán‐Carabali, L. E., Henao-Pacheco, M. L., Clavijo, A. ́. G., & Dueñas, Z. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103807 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dispatches from the Interface of Salivary Bioscience and Neonatal Research
Voegtline, K., & Granger, D. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2014.00025 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Progesterone and estrogen responsiveness to father‐toddler interaction
Gettler, L. T., McDade, T. W., Agustin, S. S., & Kuzawa, C. W. (2013) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22396 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…of other downstream steroid hormones, particularly CORT, and, relatedly, P4 might also decline during this afternoon study period due to circadian biology (Gr€oschl et al., 2003; Kage et al., 1982; Wirth et al., 2007), whereas E2 regulation is potentially tightly linked to its precursor, T.”
BackgroundAdriaansen, B. P. H., Kamphuis, J. S., Schröder, M. A. M., Olthaar, A. J., Bock, C., Brandt, A. M., Stikkelbroeck, N. M. M. L., Lentjes, E. G. W. M., Span, P. N., Sweep, F. C. G. J., et al. (2022) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.14690 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“In the early morning, A4 and 17‐OHP are at their highest levels and decrease during the day, which is consistent with a diurnal rhythm seen in previous studies.(8,9,20) This rhythm emphasises the importance of time‐controlled sample collection and time‐specific reference values for monitoring CAH patients during the d…”
BackgroundMcHale, T. S., Zava, D. T., Hales, D., & Gray, P. B. (2015) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-015-0030-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“To address circadian rhythms and nutrition-related factors (Groschl et al. 2003), efforts were made to standardize times of practices and games.”
BackgroundHeritability of Cortisol Regulation in Children
Gustafsson, P. A., Gustafsson, P. E., Anckarsäter, H. S., Lichtenstein, P., Ljung, T., Nelson, N., & Larsson, H. (2011) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.14.6.553 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“However, the impact of sex on CAR is said to be rather small (Pruessner et al., 1997; Wüst et al., 2000a), and several studies have reported similar cortisol levels in boys and girls (Gröschl et al., 2003, Kiess et al., 1995, Knutsson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundFraser, R., Gower, D. B., Honour, J. W., Ingram, M. C., Kicman, A. T., Makin, H. L. J., & Stewart, P. M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1023/b135931_5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Salivary biomarkers may measure stress responses in critically ill children
Tzira, D., Prezerakou, A., Papadatos, I., Vintila, A., Bartzeliotou, Α., Apostolakou, F., Papassotiriou, I., & Papaevangelou, V. (2018) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/2050312118802452 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“PRISM More than 8(29) Up to 8(36) Mechanical ventilation Yes (46) No (19) Total days in PICU More than 3(43) Up to 3(22) Vasoactive drugs Yes (9) No (56)”
BackgroundTaking the Lab to the Field: Monitoring Reproductive Hormones in Population Research
Valeggia, C. R. (2007) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00183.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Klentrou, P., Giannopoulou, A., McKinlay, B. J., Wallace, P. J., Muir, C., Falk, B., & Mack, D. E. (2016) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0668 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mall, C., Schmidt, S., Neuberger, E. W. I., Kirsch, P., Simon, P. D., & Dettweiler, U. (2019) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00026 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Evaluation of adrenal function in critically ill children
Balbão, V. D. M. P., Costa, M. M. A., de Castro, M., & Carlotti, A. P. D. C. P. (2014) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12444 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Fibromyalgia pathogenesis explained by a neuroendocrine multistable model
Demori, I., Losacco, S., Giordano, G., Mucci, V., Blanchini, F., & Burlando, B. (2024) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0303573 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Impact of Asthma Control on Salivary Cortisol Level in Adult Asthmatics
Shin, Y. S., Liu, J. N., Kim, J., Nam, Y., Choi, G., Park, H., & Premier Researchers Aiming New Era in Asthma and Allergic Diseases (PRANA) Study Group (2014) · Allergy Asthma and Immunology Research · doi:10.4168/aair.2014.6.5.463 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“This discordance between children and adult patients might be explained by age of study population, because cortisol levels depend on age.(9) Salivary cortisol levels vary greatly between individuals and confounding factors such as smoking and adherence to the saliva collection protocol may change the results.”
BackgroundUrlacher, S., Liebert, M., & Konečná, M. (2018) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1414798 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cortisol daily rhythm in saliva of healthy school children
Tzortzi, C., Proff, P., Redlich, M., Aframian, D., Palmon, A., Golan, I., Muessig, D., Wichelhaus, A., & Baumert, U. (2009) · International Dental Journal · doi:10.1016/s0020-6539(20)33798-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Condon, E. M. (2016) · Research in Nursing and Health · doi:10.1002/nur.21744 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The authors reported that this not only led to infant stress but posed a major safety concern due to risk of swallowing the swab (Groschl et al., 2003).”
BackgroundBedtime Salivary Cortisol as a Screening Test for Cushing Syndrome in Children
Ueland, G. Å., Kellmann, R., Jørstad Davidsen, M., Viste, K., Husebye, E. S., Almås, B., Storr, H. L., Sagen, J. V., Mellgren, G., Júlíusson, P. B., et al. (2021) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab033 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“There are a few studies that report on expected normal levels of salivary cortisol in children [15-17], but none of these use highly specific analytical methods such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectometry (LC-MS/MS).”
BackgroundMethodKervezee, L., Romijn, M., van de Weijer, K. N. G., Chen, B. S. J., Burchell, G. L., Tollenaar, M. S., Tamayo‐Ortiz, M., Philbrook, L. E., de Weerth, C., Cao, Y., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae590 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Han, Z. R., Zhang, X., Davis, M., & Suveg, C. M. (2019) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12438 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Yao, Y., & Silver, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.877256 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Tegethoff, M., Knierzinger, N., Meyer, A. H., & Meinlschmidt, G. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.08.002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The well-documented circadian rhythm of cortisol emerges within the first months postpartum (Price et al., 1983; Santiago et al., 1996; Antonini et al., 2000; Groschl et al., 2003).”
BackgroundLandscape of Aeroallergen Sensitization in Asia
Yin, X., Zhang, X., Xu, F., Xiao, H., Meng, J., & Li, P. H. (2025) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/cea.70137 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Sex hormones likely modulate immune responses through receptor-mediated effects on cytokine production and lymphocyte activity [124, 125].”
Exploring Psychophysiological Markers of Vulnerability to Somatic Illnesses in Females
Hipwell, A. E., Keenan, K. E., & Marsland, A. L. (2009) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp010 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Higashi, T., Ito, K., Narushima, M., Sugiura, T., Inagaki, S., Min, J. Z., & Toyo’oka, T. (2011) · Biomedical Chromatography · doi:10.1002/bmc.1586 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Salivary Markers as Potential Stress Descriptors for Pediatric Dental Patients: A Literature Review
Main, S., Carrilho, M., Alessandri‐Bonetti, A., Sawicki, C. M., Rao, J., Hall, S., & Sangalli, L. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12040500 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sajaniemi, N. K., Suhonen, E., Hotulainen, R., Törmänen, M. R. K., Alijoki, A., Nislin, M. A., & Kontu, E. K. (2013) · European Early Childhood Education Research Journal · doi:10.1080/1350293x.2013.783303 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“On the other hand, some studies have pointed out that time-specific range for the normal salivary cortisol levels in older children have not yet been well established (Gröschl, Rauh, and Dörr 2003).”
BackgroundGlucocorticoid response to naturalistic interactions between children and dogs
Gnanadesikan, G. E., Carranza, E., King, K. M., Flyer, A. C., Ossello, G., Smith, P. G., Steklis, N. G., Steklis, H. D., Connelly, J. J., Barnett, M. A., et al. (2024) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105523 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The psychological impact of an adenoidectomy and adenotonsillectomy on young children
Broekman, B. F. P., Olff, M., Tan, F. M. L., Schreuder, B. J. N., Fokkens, W. J., & Boer, F. (2009) · International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2009.10.005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nyberg, C. H. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4060-4_6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Coalitional Physical Competition
McHale, T. S., Chee, W., Chan, K.-C., Zava, D. T., & Gray, P. B. (2018) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-018-9321-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gröschl, M., Rauh, M., & Dörr, H.-G.
- Affiliations
- Klinik mit Poliklinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 15, 91054 Erlangen; Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- ORCID
- Rauh, Manfred
- Venue
- Clinical Chemistry
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-10-01
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1688-1691
- ISSN
- 0009-9147 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8561
- OpenAlex
- W2126406667
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Clinical Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Keywords
- salivary cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, salivary progesterone, circadian rhythm, children, reference values, salivary steroids, adrenal steroid secretion, psychological stress, non-invasive hormone measurement
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Progesterone, Reference Values, Regression Analysis, Saliva, 17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
