The cortisol response to awakening in relation to different challenge tests and a 12-hour cortisol rhythm
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that cortisol levels rapidly increase within the first 30 minutes after awakening. This response is rather robust over weeks or months and is altered by chronic stress and burnout. The present study investigated to what extent the cortisol response to awakening relates to responses following hCRH, ACTH(1-24), or psychosocial stress challenges in 22 healthy subjects. Furthermore, a 12-hour circadian cortisol profile was obtained to compare the morning response with cortisol levels obtained throughout the day. Results show that the morning cortisol response was of similar magnitude to that following injection of 1 microg/kg h-CRH or exposure to a brief psychosocial stressor (TSST). All of these were significantly smaller compared to maximal stimulation of the adrenal cortex by ACTH(1-24). Correlation analyses revealed that the morning cortisol response was closely related only to the cortisol response following 0.25 mg ACTH(1-24) (r=0.63, p=0.002). We conclude that the morning cortisol response to awakening can provide important information on the (re)activity of the HPA axis in addition to more 'traditional' methods like hCRH or Synacthen challenge tests. The sensitivity/capacity of the adrenal cortex appears to play a crucial role for the magnitude of cortisol responses observed after awakening.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The stable cortisol level may be explained by a diurnal effect: cortisol is highest in the morning, decreases during waking hours, and is lowest in the evening, and the evening rehearsal time may have restricted cortisol secretion dynamics.
“The stable level may be explained by a diurnal effect. While the CORT levels showed the highest concentration in the morning, they decreased during the waking hours and reached the lowest level in the evening (Schmidt-Reinwald et al., 1999). Given that the choir rehearsal took place between 8.30 and 9.30 p.m., it is possible that the secretion dynamics of CORT were restricted at this time of day.”
From Psychobiological Effects of Choral Singing on Affective State, Social Connectedness, and Stress: Influences of Singing Activity and Time Course (2018) · cites this paper as Schmidt-Reinwald et al., 1999
Cites
Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000119004 · Cited by 6,093 · see citing works
Self-citationPruessner, J. C., Wolf, O. T., Hellhammer, D. H., Buske-Kirschbaum, A., von Auer, K., Jobst, S., Kaspers, F., & Kirschbaum, C. (1997) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(97)01008-4 · Cited by 1,450 · see citing works
Self-citationTwenty-four hour pattern of the episodic secretion of cortisol in normal subjects
WEITZMAN, E. D., FUKUSHIMA, D., NOGEIRE, C., ROFFWARG, H., GALLAGHER, T. F., & HELLMAN, L. (1971) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-33-1-14 · Cited by 1,258 · see citing works
Dressendörfer, R. A., Kirschbaum, C., Rohde, W., Stahl, F., & Strasburger, C. J. (1992) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(92)90294-s · Cited by 882 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep disruption alters nocturnal ACTH and cortisol secretory patterns
Späth-Schwalbe, E., Gofferje, M., Kern, W., Born, J., & Fehm, H. L. (1991) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(91)90093-2 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
ACTH and Cortisol Secretory Patterns in Man
Gallagher, T. F., Yoshida, K., Roffwarg, H. P., Fukushima, D. K., Weitzman, E. D., & HELLMAN, L. (1973) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-36-6-1058 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Psychoneuroimmunological correlates of persisting sciatic pain in patients who underwent discectomy
Geiss, A., Váradi, E., STEINBACH, K., Bauer, H. W., & Anton, F. (1997) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00810-0 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Coste, J., Strauch, G., Letrait, M., & BERTAGNA, X. Y. (1994) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1994.tb04386.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Cauter, E. V., Polonsky, K. S., Blackman, J. D., Roland, D., Sturis, J., Byrne, M. M., & Scheen, A. J. (1994) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.79.6.7989487 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Hucklebridge, F. H., Sen, S., Evans, P. D., & Clow, A. (1998) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00213-6 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Schulz (1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1700(199804)14:2
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881 · see citing works
The cortisol awakening response (CAR): Facts and future directions
Fries, E., Dettenborn, L., & Kirschbaum, C. (2009) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.014 · Cited by 1,188 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effects of sex and hormonal status on the physiological response to acute psychosocial stress
Kajantie, E., & Phillips, D. I. W. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.07.002 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Cortisol awakening response and psychosocial factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Chida, Y., & Steptoe, A. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.10.004 · Cited by 1,032 · see citing works
Assessment of the cortisol awakening response: Expert consensus guidelines
Stalder, T., Kirschbaum, C., Kudielka, B. M., Adam, E. K., Pruessner, J. C., Wüst, S., Dockray, S., Smyth, N., Evans, P., Hellhammer, D. H., et al. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.010 · Cited by 967 · see citing works
Self-citationStress and Health: A Review of Psychobiological Processes
O'Connor, D. B., Thayer, J. F., & Vedhara, K. (2021) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-062520-122331 · Cited by 948 · see citing works
The Biological Effects of Childhood Trauma
De Bellis, M. D., & Zisk, A. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.01.002 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
The awakening cortisol response: methodological issues and significance
Clow, A., Thorn, L., Evans, P., & Hucklebridge, F. (2004) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890410001667205 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
Major depressive disorder and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity
Vreeburg, S. A., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., van Pelt, J., DeRijk, R. H., Verhagen, J. C. M., van Dyck, R., Smit, J. H., Zitman, F. G., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.50 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans: Focus on the Trier Social Stress Test
Allen, A. P., Kennedy, P. J., Cryan, J. F., Dinan, T. G., & Clarke, G. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.005 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
The cortisol awakening response - normal values and confounds.
Wüst, S., Wolf, J. M., Hellhammer, D. H., Federenko, I. S., Schommer, N. C., & Kirschbaum, C. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Self-citationCortisol stress reactivity across psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zorn, J. V., Schür, R. R., Boks, M. P., Kahn, R. S., Joëls, M., & Vinkers, C. H. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.036 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Genetic factors, perceived chronic stress, and the free cortisol response to awakening
Wüst, S., Federenko, I. S., Hellhammer, D. H., & Kirschbaum, C. (2000) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(00)00021-4 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Self-citationPositive Affect and Psychobiological Processes Relevant to Health
Steptoe, A., Dockray, S., & Wardle, J. (2009) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00599.x · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Area Under the Curve and Other Summary Indicators of Repeated Waking Cortisol Measurements
Fekedulegn, D. B., Andrew, M. E., Burchfiel, C. M., Violanti, J. M., Hartley, T. A., Charles, L. E., & Miller, D. B. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31814c405c · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Morris, M. C., Compas, B. E., & Garber, J. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.002 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Lopez-Duran, N. L., Kovacs, M., & George, C. J. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.016 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
“For example, while high levels of total cortisol production during a 24-h cycle indicate possible tonic hypercortisolaemia, samples obtained upon awakening (during the cortisol awakening response) are not necessarily reflective of tonic HPA-axis functioning and instead reflect stress reactivity (Edwards et al., 2001;…”
BackgroundKudielka, B. M., & Wüst, S. (2010) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890902874913 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Schlotz, W., Hellhammer, J., Schulz, P., & Stone, A. A. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000116715.78238.56 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Wüst, S., van Rossum, E. F. C., Federenko, I. S., Koper, J. W., Kumsta, R., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031148 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Self-citationStephens, N., Townsend, S. S. M., Markus, H. R., & Phillips, L. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.008 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Morning cortisol Levels in preschool‐aged foster children: Differential effects of maltreatment type
Bruce, J., Fisher, P. A., Pears, K. C., & Levine, S. D. (2008) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20333 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Association between time of awakening and diurnal cortisol secretory activity.
Edwards, S., Evans, P., Hucklebridge, F., & Clow, A. (2001) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00015-4 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Heinrichs, M., Wagner, D., Schoch, W., Soravia, L. M., Hellhammer, D. H., & Ehlert, U. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2276 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Self-citationPruessner, M., Cullen, A. E., Aas, M., & Walker, E. F. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.013 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Adam, E. K. (2001) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(00)00045-7 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
van Reeth, O., Weibel, L., Spiegel, K., Leproult, R., Dugovic, C., & Maccari, S. (2000) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.1999.0097 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
State and trait affect as predictors of salivary cortisol in healthy adults
Polk, D. E., Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Skoner, D. P., & Kirschbaum, C. (2004) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.08.004 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Self-citationNicolson, N. A. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412976244.n3 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome
Papadopoulos, A. S., & Cleare, A. J. (2012) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.153 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Changes in Testosterone, Cortisol, and Estradiol Levels in Men Becoming Fathers
Berg, S. J., & Wynne‐Edwards, K. E. (2001) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(11)62407-5 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Salivary cortisol response to awakening in chronic fatigue syndrome
Roberts, A. D. L., Wessely, S., Chalder, T., Papadopoulos, A., & Cleare, A. J. (2004) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.184.2.136 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Positive affect and psychobiological processes
Dockray, S., & Steptoe, A. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.006 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Work stress, socioeconomic status and neuroendocrine activation over the working day
Kunz-Ebrecht, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Steptoe, A. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00347-2 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Self-citationde Vente, W., Olff, M., van Amsterdam, J., Kamphuis, J. H., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2003) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.60.suppl_1.i54 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Rosmalen, J. G. M., Oldehinkel, A. J., Ormel, J., de Winter, A. F., Buitelaar, J. K., & Verhulst, F. C. (2005) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.12.007 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Olsson, E. M. G., von Schéele, B., & Panossian, A. (2008) · Planta Medica · doi:10.1055/s-0028-1088346 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Stetler, C., & Miller, G. E. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.4.697 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Vreeburg, S. A., Kruijtzer, B. P., van Pelt, J., van Dyck, R., DeRijk, R. H., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., Smit, J. H., Zitman, F. G., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.04.024 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Increased Waking Salivary Cortisol Levels in Young People at Familial Risk of Depression
Mannie, Z. N., Harmer, C. J., & Cowen, P. J. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.4.617 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Susman, E. J., Dockray, S., Schiefelbein, V. L., Herwehe, S., Heaton, J. A., & Dorn, L. D. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.811 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
A taxonomy of fatigue concepts and their relation to hearing loss.
Hornsby, B. W. Y., Naylor, G., & Bess, F. H. (2016) · Ear & Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000000289 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The cortisol awakening response – Applications and implications for sleep medicine
Elder, G. J., Wetherell, M. A., Barclay, N. L., & Ellis, J. G. (2013) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2013.05.001 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Federenko, I. S., Nagamine, M., Hellhammer, D. H., Wadhwa, P. D., & Wüst, S. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0981 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationde Kloet, C. S., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Heijnen, C. J., Geuze, E., Lentjes, E. G. W. M., & Westenberg, H. G. M. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.12.009 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Hormones and cognitive functioning during late pregnancy and postpartum: A longitudinal study.
Henry, J. F., & Sherwin, B. B. (2011) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0025540 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
The Cortisol Awakening Response in Context
Clow, A., Hucklebridge, F. H., & Thorn, L. (2010) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(10)93007-9 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Quirin, M., Pruessner, J. C., & Kuhl, J. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.01.013 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationDesign Decisions to Optimize Reliability of Daytime Cortisol Slopes in an Older Population
Kraemer, H. C., Giese-Davis, J., Yutsis, M., O'Hara, R., Neri, E., Gallagher-Thompson, D., Taylor, C. B., & Spiegel, D. (2006) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000201816.26786.5b · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Retana‐Márquez, S., Bonilla‐Jaime, H., Vázquez-Palacios, G., Domı́nguez-Salazar, E., Martínez-García, R., & Velázquez‐Moctezuma, J. (2002) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00017-3 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
A review of rhythm and responsiveness of cortisol in individuals with autism spectrum disorders
Taylor, J. L., & Corbett, B. A. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.015 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Increase in Concentration of Waking Salivary Cortisol in Recovered Patients With Depression
Bhagwagar, Z., Hafizi, S., & Cowen, P. J. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1890 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Decreased cortisol awakening response after early loss experience
Meinlschmidt, G., & Heim, C. C. (2005) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.01.006 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Is low cortisol release an indicator of positive health?
Lindfors, P., & Lundberg, U. (2002) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.942 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Low frequency noise enhances cortisol among noise sensitive subjects during work performance
Waye, K. P., Bengtsson, J., Rylander, R., Hucklebridge, F. H., Evans, P. D., & Clow, A. (2002) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(01)01450-3 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Circadian Rhythm of Salivary Cortisol, 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone, and Progesterone in Healthy Children
Gröschl, M., Rauh, M., & Dörr, H.-G. (2003) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/49.10.1688 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
HPA-axis and inflammatory reactivity to acute stress is related with basal HPA-axis activity
Chen, X., Gianferante, D., Hanlin, L. C., Fiksdal, A. S., Breines, J. G., Thoma, M. V., & Rohleder, N. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.035 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationBirth weight is associated with salivary cortisol responses to psychosocial stress in adult life
Wüst, S., Entringer, S., Federenko, I. S., Schlotz, W., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2005) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.01.008 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationPetrowski, K., Herold, U., Joraschky, P., Wïttchen, H., & Kirschbaum, C. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.08.003 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationMichaud, K., Matheson, K., Kelly, O., & Anisman, H. (2008) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890701727874 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Suspected non-adherence and weekend versus week day differences in the awakening cortisol response
Thorn, L., Hucklebridge, F. H., Evans, P., & Clow, A. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.05.012 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Levels and variability of daily life cortisol secretion in major depression
Peeters, F. P. M. L., Nicolson, N. A., & Berkhof, J. H. (2004) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2003.12.010 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Behavioral problems in dementia patients and salivary cortisol patterns in caregivers
de Vugt, M. E., Nicolson, N. A., Aalten, P., Lousberg, R., Jolle, J., & Verhey, F. R. J. (2005) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.17.2.201 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Böhmelt, A. H., Nater, U. M., Franke, S., Hellhammer, D. H., & Ehlert, U. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000157064.72831.ba · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationHollocks, M. J., Howlin, P., Papadopoulos, A. S., Khondoker, M. R., & Simonoff, E. A. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.04.004 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Acute stress selectively reduces reward sensitivity
Berghorst, L. H., Bogdan, R., Frank, M. J., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00133 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Hodkinson, D. J., O’Daly, O., Zunszain, P. A., Pariante, C. M., Lazurenko, V., Zelaya, F. O., Howard, M. A., & Williams, S. (2014) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2014.109 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Mitigating HPA axis dysregulation associated with placement changes in foster care
Fisher, P. A., Ryzin, M. J. V., & Gunnar, M. R. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.08.007 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
The cortisol awakening response (CAR) across the female menstrual cycle
Wolfram, M., Bellingrath, S., & Kudielka, B. M. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.12.006 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Golden, S. H., Wand, G. S., Malhotra, S., Kamel, I. R., & Horton, K. M. (2011) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-011-9585-2 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Ahnert, L., Harwardt-Heinecke, E., Kappler, G., Eckstein‐Madry, T., & Milatz, A. (2012) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2012.673277 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Salivary cortisol levels and the 2-year course of depressive and anxiety disorders
Vreeburg, S. A., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., DeRijk, R. H., van Dyck, R., Smit, J. H., Zitman, F. G., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.12.017 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Early deprivation and home basal cortisol levels: a study of internationally adopted children
Kertes, D. A., Gunnar, M. R., Madsen, N. J., & Long, J. D. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000230 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Ciufolini, S., Dazzan, P., Kempton, M. J., Pariante, C. M., & Mondelli, V. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.004 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Marceau, K., Ruttle, P. L., Shirtcliff, E. A., Essex, M. J., & Susman, E. J. (2014) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21214 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Rise in morning saliva cortisol is associated with abdominal obesity in men: A preliminary report
Wallerius, S., Rosmond, R., Ljung, T., Holm, G., & Björntorp, P. A. (2003) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03347017 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Salivary Cortisol for Assessment of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function
Törnhage, C. (2009) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000216186 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Pendry, P., & Vandagriff, J. L. (2019) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858419852592 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Stress, the cortisol awakening response and cognitive function
Law, R. J., & Clow, A. (2020) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2020.01.001 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
From “In the Air” to “Under the Skin”: Cortisol Responses to Social Identity Threat
Townsend, S. S. M., Major, B., Gangi, C. E., & Mendes, W. B. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210392384 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Wichers, M., Kenis, G., Koek, G. H., Robaeys, G., Nicolson, N. A., & Maes, M. H. J. (2007) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.09.007 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Nater, U. M., Maloney, E. M., Boneva, R. S., Gurbaxani, B. M., Lin, J.-M. S., Jones, J. F., Reeves, W. C., & Heim, C. C. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1747 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Psychological coping styles and cortisol over the day in healthy older adults
O’Donnell, K., Badrick, E., Meena Kumari, B., & Steptoe, A. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.01.015 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Type-D Personality and Cortisol in Survivors of Acute Coronary Syndrome
Molloy, G. J., Perkins-Porras, L., Strike, P. C., & Steptoe, A. (2008) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181842e0c · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Mommersteeg, P. M. C., Heijnen, C. J., Verbraak, M. J. P. M., & van Doornen, L. J. P. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.07.003 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-efficacy as a health-protective resource in teachers? A biopsychological approach.
Schwerdtfeger, A. R., Konermann, L., & Schonhofen, K. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.3.358 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
van Santen, A., Vreeburg, S. A., van der Does, W. A. J., Spinhoven, P., Zitman, F. G., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.07.014 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The Cortisol Awakening Response: Regulation and Functional Significance
Tobias Stalder, A., Oster, H., Abelson, J. L., Huthsteiner, K., Klucken, T., & Clow, A. (2024) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnae024 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Matheson, K., Jorden, S., & Anisman, H. (2007) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-007-9086-2 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Depression is associated with flatter cortisol rhythms in patients with coronary artery disease
Bhattacharyya, M. R., Molloy, G. J., & Steptoe, A. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.03.012 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Health
Gaab, J., Hüster, D., Peisen, R., Engert, V., Schad, T., Schürmeyer, T. H., & Ehlert, U. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200203000-00015 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationDiurnal patterns of salivary cortisol across the adolescent period in healthy females
Oskis, A., Loveday, C., Hucklebridge, F. H., Thorn, L., & Clow, A. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.09.009 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Hatzinger, M., Brand, S., Perren, S., Stadelmann, S., von Wyl, A., von Klitzing, K., & Holsboer‐Trachsler, E. (2007) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.05.010 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Chronic stress exposure decreases the cortisol awakening response in healthy young men
Duan, H., Yuan, Y., Zhang, L., Qin, S., Zhang, K., Buchanan, T. W., & Wu, J. (2013) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2013.840579 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Sex differences in response to cognitive stress during a fatiguing contraction
Yoon, T., Keller‐Ross, M. L., Schlinder-Delap, B., Harkins, A. L., Lepers, R., & Hunter, S. K. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00238.2009 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Parental history of depression or anxiety and the cortisol awakening response
Vreeburg, S. A., Hartman, C. A., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., van Dyck, R., Zitman, F. G., Ormel, J., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2010) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.076869 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Overnight Urinary Cortisol and Cortisone Add New Insights into Adaptation to Training
Gouarné, C., Groussard, C., Gratas‐Delamarche, A., Delamarche, P., & Duclos, M. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000170099.10038.3b · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Kuehner, C., Holzhauer, S., & Huffziger, S. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.12.007 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Modeling cortisol rhythms in a population-based study
Ranjit, N., Young, E. A., Raghunathan, T. E., & Kaplan, G. A. (2005) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.02.003 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Matousek, R. H., Pruessner, J. C., & Dobkin, P. L. (2011) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2010.10.005 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Schmidt-Reinwald, A., Pruessner, J. C., Hellhammer, D. H., Federenko, I., Rohleder, N., Schürmeyer, T. H., & Kirschbaum, C.
- Affiliations
- Universität Trier (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Kirschbaum, C.
- Venue
- Life Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-03
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 1653-1660
- ISSN
- 0024-3205 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2038352072
- Cited by
- 367
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 2.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Life Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- cortisol awakening response, diurnal cortisol rhythm, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, chronic stress, burnout
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Cortex, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Saliva, Sleep, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
