Heritability and Genome-Wide Linkage Scan of Subjective Happiness
Open accessAbstract
Causes of individual differences in happiness, as assessed with the Subjective Happiness Scale, are investigated in a large of sample twins and siblings from the Netherlands Twin Register. Over 12,000 twins and siblings, average age 24.7 years (range 12 to 88), took part in the study. A genetic model with an age by sex design was fitted to the data with structural equation modeling in Mx. The heritability of happiness was estimated at 22% for males and 41% in females. No effect of age was observed. To identify the genomic regions contributing to this heritability, a genome-wide linkage study for happiness was conducted in sibling pairs. A subsample of 1157 offspring from 441 families was genotyped with an average of 371 micro-satellite markers per individual. Phenotype and genotype data were analyzed in MERLIN with multipoint variance component linkage analysis and age and sex as covariates. A linkage signal (logarithm of odds score 2.73, empirical p value 0.095) was obtained at the end of the long arm of chromosome 19 for marker D19S254 at 110 cM. A second suggestive linkage peak was found at the short arm of chromosome 1 (LOD of 2.37) at 153 cM, marker D1S534 (empirical p value of .209). These two regions of interest are not overlapping with the regions found for contrasting phenotypes (such as depression, which is negatively associated with happiness). Further linkage and future association studies are warranted.
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Two cohorts, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel and the Netherlands Twin Register, reported significant sex-differences in heritability in some of their studies.
“Two cohorts (the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel and the Netherlands Twin Register), reported significant sex-differences in heritability in some of their studies (Bartels et al. 2010, 2013; Nes et al. 2006, 2008; Røysamb et al. 2003).”
From Genetics of Wellbeing and Its Components Satisfaction with Life, Happiness, and Quality of Life: A Review and Meta-analysis of Heritability Studies (2015) · cites this paper as Bartels et al. 2010
A small, probably underpowered, genome-wide linkage study indicated genomic regions of interest on chromosome 1 and 19.
“In addition a small, probably underpowered, genome-wide linkage study indicated genomic regions of interest on chromosome 1 and 19 (Bartels et al. 2010).”
From Genetics of Wellbeing and Its Components Satisfaction with Life, Happiness, and Quality of Life: A Review and Meta-analysis of Heritability Studies (2015) · cites this paper as Bartels et al. 2010
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- Authors
- Bartels, M., Saviouk, V., de Moor, M. H. M., Willemsen, G., van Beijsterveldt, T. C. E. M., Hottenga, J.-J., de Geus, E. J. C., & Boomsma, D. I.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Bartels, Meike
- Venue
- Twin Research and Human Genetics
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-04-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 135-142
- ISSN
- 1832-4274 (ISSN-L)
- 1839-2628
- OpenAlex
- W2157286036
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Twin Research and Human Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Universiteit Leiden
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO 480-04-004, 56‐464‐14192, Spi-56-464-14192, 480-04-004)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- subjective happiness, heritability, genetic linkage, chromosome 19, chromosome 1, microsatellite markers, age and sex effects
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Chromosome Mapping, Female, Happiness, Humans, Genetic Linkage, Male, Netherlands, Personality Inventory, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Genome, Human, Genome-Wide Association Study, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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