Heritability of testosterone levels in 12-year-old twins and its relation to pubertal development
Open accessAbstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the heritability of variation in testosterone levels in 12-year-old children, and to explore the overlap in genetic and environmental influences on circulating testosterone levels and androgen-dependent pubertal development. Midday salivary testosterone samples were collected on 2 consecutive days in a sample of 183 unselected twin pairs. Androgen-induced pubertal development was assessed using self-report Tanner scales of pubic hair development (boys and girls) and genital development (boys). A significant contribution of genetic effects to the variance in testosterone levels was found. Heritability was approximately 50% in both boys and girls. The remaining proportion of the variance in testosterone levels could be explained by nonshared environmental influences. The relatively high correlation between testosterone levels of opposite-sex dizygotic twins suggests that sex differences in genes influencing variation in testosterone levels have not yet developed in preand early puberty. Variance in pubertal development was explained by a large genetic component, moderate shared environmental influences, and a small nonshared environmental effect. Testosterone levels correlated moderately (r = .31) with pubertal development; the covariance between testosterone levels and pubertal development was entirely accounted for by genetic influences.
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Data on the effect of smoking on testosterone levels are contradictory.
“Contradictory data are available on the effect of smoking on T levels.”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [80]
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- Authors
- Hoekstra, R. A., Bartels, M., & Boomsma, D. I.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Hoekstra, Rosa A.
- Venue
- Twin Research and Human Genetics
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2006-08-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 558-565
- ISSN
- 1832-4274 (ISSN-L)
- 1839-2628
- OpenAlex
- W4254142759
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 0.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Twin Research and Human Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University) (acceptedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO/ SPI 56-464-14192, 56‐464‐14192, 451–04-034, Spi-56-464-14192)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- testosterone, heritability, pubertal development, salivary testosterone, nonshared environment, shared environment, genetic factors, dizygotic twins, sex differences, pubic hair development, genital development, puberty onset, children
- MeSH terms
- Child, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Puberty, Saliva, Testolactone, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Genetic Variation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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