The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 53 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
2. Buddhism in the West? Buddhist Indian Sailors on Socotra (Yemen) and the Role of Trade Contacts in the Spread of Buddhism
Open accessAbstract
2 Buddhism in the West?Buddhist Indian Sailors on Socotra (Yemen
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The Hoq cave on Socotra preserves 193 Indian inscriptions from 117 visitors (2nd–early 5th c. CE), showing that a substantial minority of Indian maritime traders were Buddhists who practiced a simple cult of Śākyamuni and stūpas. Comparing this with Upper Indus material, the paper argues that traders could carry Buddhist ideas westward but, without monastics and local elite support, Buddhism did not establish institutions or spread to local populations in Socotra or the Mediterranean West.
Key findings
- Among 117 Indian visitors to Hoq cave, the author identifies 193 inscriptions; five persons have names formed with Buddha/Dharma/Saṃgha, three further Buddhist names occur among patronyms, giving at least eight probable Buddhists, with a possible total of eleven if Aśoka and Upāli are included. Projecting from Hoq, Buddhists may have been nearly 30% of merchants and sailors travelling west.
- The Buddhist devotional material is limited to worship of the historical Buddha and stūpas: two texts by Rahavasu invoke the Buddha as *mahāmuṇi* and *Gotama*, and two stūpa drawings were left by Iśaradasa, whose name is Śaiva. There is no reference to Bodhisattvas, Amitābha, Akṣobhya, or other Mahāyāna elements.
- There is no definitive evidence of Buddhist monastics at Socotra: the term *śramaṇa* appears in two epigraphs but can also be a personal name, and the interpretation of *śakaśramaṇa* as “Buddhist monk” is speculative.
- The paper finds no evidence that Buddhism spread to Socotra’s local population or elites, and no positive evidence for Buddhist communities or monasteries in the Hellenistic/Roman Mediterranean; western literary references to Buddhism are not firsthand and do not confirm Buddhist settlements.
Methods
- Epigraphic and petroglyph analysis of the Hoq cave corpus on Socotra, based on the author’s 2005–2006 documentation and the 2012 annotated catalogue, including paleographic dating, provenance, onomastics, and formal categorization following von Hinüber’s types.
- Comparison of the Socotran material with the Upper Indus Valley/Karakorum Highway corpus of inscriptions and drawings, especially for Buddhist names, stūpa drawings, devotional formulas, and evidence of monastics.
- Critical review of selected literary and archaeological “evidence” for Buddhists in the Hellenistic and Roman West, including Dio Chrysostom, Philo, Philostratus, Clement of Alexandria, Bardesanes, and the Dendera gravestone.
Limitations
- The paper explicitly states that the Socotra data “hardly allow a comprehensive view” and that the exact duration of sailors’ stays cannot be determined from the Hoq material; it also flags uncertain interpretations, including *nabhakata* as “lion,” *śakaśramaṇa* as “Buddhist monk,” and Aśoka/Upāli as Buddhist names.
- Evident from the text: the 30% Buddhist projection is explicitly a projection from the Hoq corpus, and conclusions about the absence of Buddhist institutions or monastics rest on a single cave site plus negative evidence from limited western sources.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 53 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
The majority of the Hoq visitors used a variety of Brāhmī typical for the Gujarat-Western Deccan region during later Sātavāhana and Western Kṣatrapa rule.
“The majority of them used a variety of Brāhmī that is typical for the Gujarat-Western Deccan region during later Sātavāhana and Western Kṣatrapa rule.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
With the exception of a single Kharoṣṭhī graffito, all Indian inscriptions at Hoq are written in a variety of Brāhmī.
“With the exception of a single Kharoṣṭhī graffito, all of them are written in a variety of Brāhmī.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In one of their two graffiti, Bhaṭṭiṣena is called kṣatrapa, pointing to his affiliation to the nobility of the Western Indian kṣatrapas.
“In one of their two graffiti (12:2)incised on the top of a small stalagmite -Bhaṭṭiṣena is called kṣatrapa, thus pointing to his affiliation to the nobility of the Western Indian kṣatrapas”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
A second line between Rahavasu's text and his name can be quite safely reconstructed as na[bha]katasa.
“Although the letters are hard to distinguish, this line can be quite safely reconstructed as na[bha]katasa.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
One of Rahavasu's texts (11:43) uses the epithet mahāmuṇi 'Great Sage' and designates the Buddha as such.
“One of them (11:43) uses a well-known epithet and designates the Buddha as mahāmuṇi”
- Also stated in: § 2.3.2 Buddhist Devotional Texts and Drawings · plain
“bhagavato mahamuṇi[sa],”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § 2.3.2 Buddhist Devotional Texts and Drawings · plain
- Findingreasoning
Rahavasu's two short texts contain terms that clearly signify the historical Buddha Śākyamuni.
“His two short texts contain terms that clearly signify the historical Buddha Śākyamuni.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The name written in the sand beside the Hoq stūpa drawings can be identified as that of Iśaradasa (Skt. Īśvaradāsa).
“In the preserved images of this writing, the name can be identified as that of Iśaradasa (Skt.Īśvaradāsa), who left his name at different spots inside the cave (11:6, 11:7, 11:39).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The majority of the Socotran inscriptions and drawings can be attributed to Indian mariners who visited Socotra on their way to South Arabia or the Red Sea.
“The majority of them can be attributed to Indian mariners, who visited Socotra on their way to South Arabia or the Red Sea.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The second of Rahavasu's short texts (14:28) mentions the Buddha by his birth name Gotama/Gautama: bhagavato gotamasa.
“The second of Rahavasu's short texts (14:28) mentions the Buddha by his birth name -Gotama/Skt.Gautama: bhagavato gotamasa.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The Buddhists among the Hoq visitors left two drawings of stūpas made in the sand of the cave's floor, several meters away from the main path and unaffected by later visitors.
“The Buddhists among the Hoq visitors also left behind one of the most impressive remains: two drawings of stūpas made in the sand of the cave's floor, several meters away from the main path and therefore completely unaffected by later visitors (13:5-A, 13:5-B).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
Iśaradasa's name bears an explicit Śaiva character.
“that his name bears an explicit Śaiva character.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Ajitivarman's father was a Buddhist named Saṃgharaṅgin.
“The same is true for Ajitivarman, whose father was obviously a Buddhist named Saṃgharaṅgin.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Personal names in Indian onomastics reliably indicate religious affiliation, so that Buddhist personal names indicate that the bearer was a Buddhist or belonged to a Buddhist family.
- Findingown data
Among the Hoq visitors, five persons have names formed using the designation of one of the three jewels-Buddha, Dharma, Saṃgha.
“We find among the Hoq visitors only five persons with a name formed in this way: Buddhanandin ( = scribe 50, 9:8) Saṃghadāsa ( = scribe 19, 2:23), son of Jayasena, from Hastakavapra Saṃghanandin (= scribe 96, 14:19) *Buddhāsākā̆6 (= scribe 97, 14:20) Dharma (scribe 33, 6:5 and 11:40)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Personal names in Indian onomastics reliably indicate religious affiliation, so that Buddhist personal names indicate that the bearer was a Buddhist or belonged to a Buddhist family.
- Findingnone given
The Hoq inscriptions can be dated to the first half of the first millennium CE.
“and can be dated to the first half of the first millennium CE.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Some Indian visitors at Hoq add the professional titles nāvika or niryāmaka to their names.
“Some of the Indians also point to their professional status and add to their names the words nāvika or niryāmaka, both terms referring to maritime titles.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Among the patronyms at Hoq, three further Buddhist names are attested: Buddhamitra, Dharma, and Saṃgharaṅgin.
“Among the patronyms, three further Buddhist names are attested: Buddhamitra, father of Bhaṭṭikumāra (scribe 54, 10:3 and 12:2) Dharma, father of Halla (= scribe 34, 6:6) Saṃgharaṅgin, father of Ajitivarman (= scribe 35, 6:7), a śaka”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Personal names in Indian onomastics reliably indicate religious affiliation, so that Buddhist personal names indicate that the bearer was a Buddhist or belonged to a Buddhist family.
- Findingnone given
The large group of personal inscriptions forms the overwhelming majority (89%) of texts at Hoq.
“The large group of personal inscriptions, which forms the overwhelming majority of texts at Hoq (89%), is supplemented by a small number of texts with different contents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Bhaṭṭikumāra visited the Hoq cave together with Bhaṭṭiṣena, son of Śivamitra.
“Bhaṭṭikumāra visited the cave together with a man who calls himself Bhaṭṭiṣena, son of Śivamitra.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
One Indian visitor identifies his hometown as Hastakavapra, another important West Indian port.
“One of the Indian visitors identifies his hometown as Hastakavapra, another important West Indian port of this period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The inscriptions in the Hoq cave were written in South-Arabian, Ethiopian, Greek, Palmyrene, Bactrian, and Indian scripts and languages.
“the inscriptions were written in South-Arabian, Ethiopian, Greek, Palmyrene, Bactrian, and Indian scripts and languages”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The Brāhmī epigraphs at Hoq can be dated to the second through the early fifth century CE according to their paleographical features.
“According to their paleographical features, the Brāhmī epigraphs can be dated to the second through the early fifth century CE.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Two Hoq graffiti are left by a visitor who calls himself Rahavasu.
“Two of the Hoq graffiti are especially important here.They are left by a visitor, who calls himself Rahavasu”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The small number of non-personal texts at Hoq can be characterized as religious or devotional texts.
“They can be characterized as religious or devotional texts”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There is hardly any strong evidence for participation of traders from the Indian South among the Hoq visitors.
“There is hardly any strong evidence for a participation of traders from the Indian South”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The author identified 193 inscriptions from 117 Indian visitors in the Hoq cave.
“Among the numerous traces of inscribed texts, I could identify 193 inscriptions from 117 Indian visitors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The participation of Buddhist sailors and merchants in the western Indian Ocean sea-trade was not accompanied by the establishment of Buddhist religious institutions.
“As the sources show, the participation of Buddhist sailors and merchants in the western Indian Ocean sea-trade was not accompanied by the establishment of Buddhist religious institutions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The Hoq corpus does not give any indication of Mahāyāna ideas.
“At the same time the corpus does not give any indication of Mahāyāna ideas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
In some cases, many of the Bodhisattva and Tathāgata drawings can be ascribed to a single donor, for example Siṃhoṭa, who was certainly a local patron.
“In some cases, many of the Bodhisattva and Tathāgata drawings can be ascribed to a single donor, as for example Siṃhoṭa who was, according to the name suffix -oṭa, certainly a local patron.16”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites von Hinüber (1983,273)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
The second, rather large and detailed description of the Buddhist religion in Clement's work was clearly borrowed from an earlier source, Alexander Polyhistor.
“The second, rather large and detailed description of the Buddhist religion in Clement's work was clearly borrowed from an earlier source.Clement himself refers to Alexander Polyhistor (first century BCE).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Alexander Polyhistor
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Most of the early western sources referring to Buddhism are Christian texts.
“In fact, most of the early western sources referring to Buddhism are Christian texts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bongard-Levin and Karpyuk 1982
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Information about Buddhism and Buddhist conceptions was at that time available not only from Buddhists themselves or Indians acquainted with Buddhist culture, but also from religious communities such as Manichaeans from Iran who were influenced by Buddhism and transmitted certain ideas to the West.
“Information about Buddhism and Buddhist conceptions was at that time not only available from Buddhists themselves or from Indians who were acquainted with Buddhist culture and ideas.Several religious communities such as the Manichaeans from Iran were influenced by Buddhism and transmitted certain ideas to the West.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sundermann 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
There is not the slightest trace of any 'advanced' form of Buddhism generally related to Mahāyāna tendencies in the Hoq corpus.
“There is not the slightest trace of any”
- Also stated in: § Unauthenticated Download Date | 10/8/19 3:24 PM · plain
“advanced”
- Also stated in: § Unauthenticated Download Date | 10/8/19 3:24 PM · plain
“form of Buddhism, which is generally related to Mahāyāna tendencies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Hoq corpus is representative enough that the absence of references to Mahāyāna figures indicates the absence of Mahāyāna Buddhism among the Indian visitors.
- Also stated in: § Unauthenticated Download Date | 10/8/19 3:24 PM · plain
- Findingown data
According to devotional texts and drawings left at Hoq, the Buddhist merchants practiced a rather simplistic form of Buddhism where the figure of the historical Buddha Gautama and the object of the stūpa represented the core of religious and ritual activities.
“According to the devotional texts and drawings left at Hoq, the Buddhist merchants practiced a rather simplistic form of Buddhism where the figure of the historical Buddha Gautama and the object of the stūpa represented the core of the religious and ritual activities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Only the less distinct term śramaṇa is attested in two epigraphs from the cave at Hoq.
“Only the less distinct term śramaṇa is attested in two epigraphs from the cave.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
There is no definitive evidence indicating the presence of Buddhist monastics among the participants of oversea trade with the West.
“3.There is no definitive evidence that could indicate the presence of Buddhist monastics among the participants of oversea trade with the west.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
None of the sources confirm the existence of Buddhist communities in the Mediterranean.
“At the same time, none of the sources confirm the existence of Buddhist communities in the Mediterranean.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
According to evidence from Hoq, neither the local population nor any other attested ethnic groups were involved in any kind of Buddhist activities.
“4. According to the evidence from Hoq, where texts of various sea-trading communitiesincluding South-Arabians, Ethiopians and Greeksare attested, neither the local population (including the local élites) nor any of the other attested ethnic groups were involved in any kind of Buddhist activities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Material of this kind is completely absent in the Hoq corpus.
“Material of this kind is completely absent in the Hoq corpus.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
The surface of the sand surrounding the Hoq stūpa images is completely untouched.
“But the surface of the sand surrounding the images is completely untouched.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
There is no evidence that Indian Buddhists settling in the West or Indian Buddhist monks traveling west were ever referred to as a source of information about Buddhism.
“There is no evidence that Indian Buddhists settling in the West or Indian Buddhist monks traveling west were ever referred to as a source of information about this religion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
References to the terms bhikṣu and ācārya are completely missing in Hoq.
“References to the first two terms are completely missing in Hoq.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
If the evidence of the Hoq corpus can be generalized for India's oversea trade contacts with the West in the first centuries CE, a considerable portion of the merchants and sailors travelling west were Buddhists, possibly nearly 30%.
“1.A considerable portion of the merchants and sailors travelling west were Buddhists.Projecting the evidence from Hoq, their percentage might have reached nearly 30%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The evidence of the Hoq corpus can be generalized to India's oversea trade contacts with the West in the first centuries CE.
- Findingnone given
The Hoq corpus contains not a single text referring to any kind of dogmatic issues.
“There is not a single text, which would refer to any kind of dogmatic issues.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
None of the few Indian inscriptions discovered along the Red Sea coast refers to Buddhism.
“None of the few Indian inscriptions discovered along the Red Sea coast refers to Buddhism.22”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Salomon (1991) source
- cites Strauch (2012, 369-372)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingreasoning
The information from Hoq fits well with the general literary, archaeological and epigraphical picture.
“When compared to the literary, archaeological and epigraphical evidence, the information from Hoq fits well with the general picture.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Drawings of stūpas at Hoq clearly point to the Buddhist character of these objects.
“drawings of stūpas clearly point to the Buddhist character of these objects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The Hoq stūpa drawings show obvious parallelism with the numerous depictions of stūpas found along the Upper Indus Valley at the Karakorum Highway, particularly around Chilas.
“If we compare these drawings with the numerous depictions of stūpas found along the Upper Indus Valley at the Karakorum Highwayand in particular in the area around Chilastheir parallelism is obvious.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Due to the lack of references to any other Buddhas besides the historical one, this formula most probably refers to the Buddha Śākyamuni.
“Due to the lack of references to any other Buddhas besides the historical one, this formula most probably refers to the Buddha Śākyamuni.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The Hoq painters drew on a popular inventory of stūpa drawings which could be used for ritual purposes.
“It seems that the Hoq painters drew on a popular inventory of stūpa drawings which could be used for ritual purposes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
It is possible that the Hoq visitor Bhaṭṭikumāra, son of Buddhamitra, and his companion Bhaṭṭiṣena, son of Śivamitra, belonged to a milieu of strong interaction between Buddhist and Śaiva communities.
“It is therefore possible that also the Hoq visitor Bhaṭṭikumāra, son of Buddhamitra, and his companion Bhaṭṭiṣena, son of Śivamitra, belonged to such a milieu of a strong interaction between Buddhist and Śaiva communities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
In Buddhist literature, the use of the epithet mahāmuṇi is not restricted to the historical Buddha.
“In Buddhist literature, the use of this epithet is not restricted to the historical Buddha.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mahāvastu
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
A stūpa drawing at Chilas II was carried out by a person bearing a Śaiva name, Śivadasa.
“a stūpa drawing at Chilas II was carried out by a person bearing a Śaiva name, Śivadasa (Skt.Śivadāsa) (Fussman 1989, 12, no. 4,1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fussman 1989, 12, no. 4,1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The fact that Bhaṭṭiṣena and Bhaṭṭikumāra visited the cave together and wrote their names within a single text shows their rather close relationship.
“The fact that both visited the cave together and wrote their names within a single text, shows their rather close relationship.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The close association of Buddhist and Śaiva elements is reflected in the onomastic material from the Upper Indus and the subcontinent.
“On the other hand, the close association of Buddhist and Śaiva elements is also reflected in the onomastic material from the Upper Indus and the subcontinent.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fussman 1989,12
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes Socotra's population as a multiethnic community of Arabs, Indians, and Greeks who settled there for commerce.
“The anonymous Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, written in the middle of the first century CE, describes the island's population as a kind of multiethnic community consisting of Arabs, Indians, and Greeks who settled there for the purposes of commerce”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites PME 30 + 31, Casson 1989, 67-69
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Numerous persons with Śaiva names are found among the donors mentioned in the Western Ghat inscriptions.
“Thus we find numerous persons with Śaiva names among the donors mentioned in the Western Ghat inscriptions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lüders 1912
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationnone given
Ajitivarman's ethnonym śaka indicates his Iranian background.
“Moreover, the ethnonym śaka used by Ajitivarman indicates his Iranian background.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The accompanying graffiti underline Socotra's character as a meeting point of traders from different ends of the maritime Indian Ocean networks.
“This clearly underlines the character of Socotra as a meeting point of traders from different ends of the maritime Indian Ocean networks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In the Karakorum drawings, the purpose of merit generation is repeatedly indicated by accompanying inscriptions designating the stūpa as deya- or devadharma 'religious donation.'
“In the case of the Karakorum drawings, this purpose is repeatedly indicated by the accompanying inscriptions, where the drawing of the stūpa is designated as deya-or devadharma”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bhattacharya (1987)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
An explicit Śaiva name does not exclude a person's status as a Buddhist lay follower or even monk.
“As some of the inscriptions show, an explicit Śaiva name does not exclude a person's status as a Buddhist lay follower or even monk.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Based on evidence from other inscriptional corpora, it is possible to extend the validity of Fussman's observation.
“Based on the evidence from other inscriptional corpora, it is possible to extend the validity of Fussman's observation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
According to external circumstances and the poor quality of the drawings, the artist of the Hoq stūpa drawings, probably named Iśaradasa, certainly belonged to Thewalt's second group: traveling laymen.
“According to the external circumstances and the poor quality of the drawings, the”
- Also stated in: § 2.3.2 Buddhist Devotional Texts and Drawings · plain
“artist”
- Also stated in: § 2.3.2 Buddhist Devotional Texts and Drawings · hedged
“of the Hoq stūpa drawingsprobably named Iśaradasacertainly belonged to the second group referred to by Thewalt:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 2.3.2 Buddhist Devotional Texts and Drawings · plain
- Interpretationreasoning
It is probable that at least eight persons among the visitors of Hoq were Buddhists or belonged to Buddhist families.
“Thus, it is probable that at least eight persons among the visitors of Hoq were Buddhists or belonged to Buddhist families.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Personal names in Indian onomastics reliably indicate religious affiliation, so that Buddhist personal names indicate that the bearer was a Buddhist or belonged to a Buddhist family.
- Interpretationreasoning
The Socotran corpus provides the opportunity to have a closer look at the Indian participants of the Indian Ocean sea contacts between India and the West.
“For the first time, this corpus thus provides the opportunity to have a closer look at the Indian participants of the Indian Ocean sea contacts between India and the West.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The fathers' names Buddhamitra and Śivamitra indicate that the core families of Bhaṭṭikumāra and Bhaṭṭiṣena seem to have belonged to different religious groups.
“As their fathers' names indicate (Buddhamitra, Śivamitra), their core families seem to have belonged to different religious groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Personal names in Indian onomastics reliably indicate religious affiliation, so that Buddhist personal names indicate that the bearer was a Buddhist or belonged to a Buddhist family.
- Premisecitation
The first western author who explicitly mentioned Buddhism was the Christian Clement of Alexandria, who lived in the late second or early third century CE.
“The first western author who explicitly mentioned Buddhism was the Christian, Clement of Alexandria, who lived in the late second or early third century CE (Seldeslachts 2007, 154-155, cf. also Parker 2008, 252).31”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Seldeslachts 2007, 154-155
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Parker 2008, 252
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
By drawing the stūpas, the visitor also produced religious merit.
“By doing so, he also produced religious merit.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
According to the data discussed, the Buddhists among the oversea traders from India practiced a rather simplistic form of Buddhism centered around the worship of the Buddha Śākyamuni and of the stūpa.
“According to the data discussed so far, the Buddhists among the oversea traders from India practiced a rather simplistic form of Buddhism, that centered around the worship of the Buddha Śākyamuni and of the stūpa.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Hoq corpus is representative enough that the absence of references to Mahāyāna figures indicates the absence of Mahāyāna Buddhism among the Indian visitors.
- Interpretationown data
The data from the Upper Indus show a beginning process of localization and assimilation of Buddhism in this region.
“At the same time, the data from the Upper Indus show a beginning process of localization and assimilation of Buddhism in this region:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
There is nothing to indicate a personal encounter between Bardesanes and Buddhist institutions or practitioners.
“Again there is nothing to indicate a personal encounter between Bardesanes and Buddhist institutions or practitioners.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The predilection of Christian texts for Buddhism can be understood as a counter-reaction against the uncritical and idealistic way Brahmans were described in non-Christian texts.
“As Bongard-Levin and Karpyuk have stressed (1982,50), this predilection can be understood as a kind of counter-reaction against the somewhat uncritical and idealistic way in which Brahmans were described in non-Christian texts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bongard-Levin and Karpyuk 1982
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
If the stūpa drawings had fulfilled any ritual function in a pradakṣiṇa ritual, traces of such a circumambulation would have been visible.
“If the stūpa drawings would have fulfilled any ritual function in a kind of pradakṣiṇa ritual, the traces of such a circumambulation would have been visible.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Among the inscriptions from Chilas-Thalpan there are references to Lokeśvara/Avalokiteśvara, Mañjuśrī, Amitābha and Akṣobhya.
“Thus we find among the inscriptions from Chilas-Thalpan references to Lokeśvara/Avalokiteśvara, Mañjuśrī, Amitābha and Akṣobhya.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites von Hinüber 1989b, 83-99
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The Jewish Therapeutai community of Alexandria, as described by Philo in De Vita Contemplativa, can hardly contribute to our discussion.
“While Dio's Oratio 32 gives an impressive account on the cosmopolitan character of first century Alexandria, the Jewish Therapeutai community of Alexandria, as described a century earlier by Philo of Alexandria in his De Vita Contemplativa, can hardly contribute to our discussion.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Philo of Alexandria
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Through close interaction between Manichaean, Gnostic, Jewish, and early Christian communities, Buddhist ideas and conceptions could enter the Western world in a modified form.
“Through the close interaction between Manichaean, Gnostic, Jewish, and early Christian communities, Buddhist ideas and conceptions could enter the”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
If we look at the detectable impact Buddhism had on western conceptions, there is hardly anything that could prove a strong presence of Buddhist ideas in the intellectual circles of the West.
“If we look at the detectable impact Buddhism had on western conceptions, there is hardly anything that could prove a strong presence of Buddhist ideas in the intellectual circles of the West.30”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Bongard-Levin and Karpyuk 1982, 50
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Webb 1993, 81-82 source
- Premisecitation
The name Śramaṇa occurs as a monk's (bhikṣusya) name on an inscribed slab from Mathurā.
“The name Śramaṇa occurs also as a monk's (bhikṣusya) name on an inscribed slab from Mathurā.17”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Falk (2000, 32-34 [= Falk 2013, 312-314])
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
This evidence clearly distinguishes the Hoq corpus from the material from the Upper Indus, where these new Buddhist ideas are repeatedly addressed.
“This evidence clearly distinguishes the Hoq corpus from the material from the Upper Indus, where these new Buddhist ideas are repeatedly addressed (cf.von Hinüber 1989b, 83-99).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites von Hinüber 1989b, 83-99
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
If the artist intended to create a temporary place of worship, this intention was never realized.
“If the artist indeed intended to create a”
- Also stated in: § Unauthenticated Download Date | 10/8/19 3:24 PM · plain
“temporary place of worship,”
- Also stated in: § Unauthenticated Download Date | 10/8/19 3:24 PM · plain
“this intention was never realized.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Unauthenticated Download Date | 10/8/19 3:24 PM · plain
- Interpretationown data
It is not possible to draw any reliable information out of the first Hoq text containing śramaṇa.
“It is therefore not possible to draw any reliable information out of this evidence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Many of the graffiti on the trade routes to the north designate the scribes explicitly as Buddhist monastics using titles like bhikṣu, ācārya or śramaṇa.
“Many of the graffiti on those routes designate the scribes explicitly as Buddhist monastics using titles like bhikṣu, ācārya (von Hinüber 1989a, 50-51) or śramaṇa (Kharoṣṭhī, Fussman 1989, 27-28).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites von Hinüber 1989a, 50-51
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Fussman 1989, 27-28
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Any conclusion that Dio explicitly refers in his Oratio 32 to Buddhist merchants is completely unjustified.
“Thus any conclusion that Dio explicitly refers in his Oratio 32 to Buddhist merchants is completely unjustified.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Even if the speculation about Buddhist/Jain identity were accepted, it cannot help determine the character of the Alexandrian Indians.
“But even if we accepted this speculation, it cannot help to determine the character of the Alexandrian Indians.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
A clear interpretation of both Hoq texts containing śramaṇa is hindered by the fact that the term can also be used as a personal name.
“A clear interpretation of both texts is hindered by the fact that the term can also be used as a personal name, as Heinrich Lüders remarked with regard to personal names like Samaṇa, Samanā, Śramaṇaka and Śamanika in early Indian inscriptions (1940,618).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lüders 1940,618
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Philostratus' account can tell us nothing about the presence of Indians or even Buddhists in first century Ethiopia.
“Thus Philostratus' account can tell us nothing about the presence of Indians or even Buddhists in first century Ethiopia.26”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Applying the two models of diffusion described for China and the Upper Indus to the evidence from Hoq, neither of them corresponds to the conditions observed with regard to the Hoq inscriptions.
“Applying these two models of diffusion described for China and for the Upper Indus to the evidence from Hoq, it becomes obvious that neither of them corresponds to the conditions we observed with regard to the Hoq inscriptions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
There is no need to assume that the people at India's coast have anything to do with the Indians of Alexandria.
“There is no need to assume that the people at India's coast have anything to do with the Indians of Alexandria.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Whether the Alexandrian Indians were Buddhists or not, merchants or monastics, we simply don't know.
“Whether they were Buddhists or not, merchants or monastics, we simply don't know.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
As Deeg and Gardener have shown, Bardesanes' description, particularly references to samanaioi's ritual suicide, better fits a Jain context.
“As Deeg and Gardener (2009, 5-11) have shown, this descriptionand in particular the following references to the samanaioi's ritual suicideeven better fit a Jain context.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Deeg and Gardener 2009
- Interpretationreasoning
The missing localization of Buddhism is certainly also due to the apparent lack of Buddhist monastics among the Indian travelers.
“This missing”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
There is no evidence that Clement's reference to Buddha goes back to Indians living in or near Alexandria.
“There is no evidence, at least, that Clement's reference goes back to Indians living in or near Alexandria.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- It may state two separate claims as one. 32
- Probably not a substantial claim. 49
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenThe surface of the Hoq stūpa drawings and the footprints beside them has been mineralized.
“The surface of the drawings has been mineralized as has the surface of the footprints, which are found beside the drawings and certainly belong to the person who made them.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataFive Hoq visitors call themselves bhārukacchaka 'from Bharukaccha,' confirming the Periplus's statement about the significance of this West Indian harbor.
“Five of the visitors call themselves bhārukacchaka”
- Also stated in: § 2.2 The corpus of Socotran inscriptions and drawings · boosted
“thus clearly confirming the statement of the Periplus with regard to the significance of this important West Indian harbor.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites PME 30 + 31, Casson 1989, 67-69
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § 2.2 The corpus of Socotran inscriptions and drawings · boosted
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenRahavasu's name lacks a definite etymology but seems to have no clearly discernible Buddhist background.
“a name which lacks a definite etymology but seems to have no clearly discernible Buddhist background.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataThe Indian inscriptions at Hoq are accompanied by graffiti in South Arabian, Ethiopian, Palmyrene, Greek and Bactrian scripts and languages.
“in many places, the Indian inscriptions were accompanied by graffiti in South Arabian, Ethiopian, Palmyrene, Greek and Bactrian scripts and languages.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningThere is no indication in the Hoq evidence of the existence of monastic institutions or of an involvement of élite or sub-élite agents that could be responsible for the distribution of Buddhism among the local population.
“There is no indication of the existence of monastic institutions or of an involvement of élite or sub-élite agents that could be responsible for the distribution of Buddhism among the local population.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
FindingcitationFragments of Bardesanes' book about India, cited by later authors, show that Bardesanes added much new information about India to the classical canon inherited by Megasthenes.
“Fragments of it, cited by later authors, show that Bardesanes indeed added much new information about India to the classical canon inherited by Megasthenes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingreasoningThe information Bardesanes got from ambassadors shows detailed knowledge of monastic life-style and social and economic conditions of monasticism and its relation to state institutions, but hardly any familiarity with Buddhist doctrines and rituals.
“The information Bardesanes got from the ambassadors shows a rather detailed knowledge of the monastic life-style and the social and economic conditions of monasticism and its relation to state institutions, but hardly any familiarity with Buddhist doctrines and rituals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
FindingreasoningAccording to this short overview, several sources of information about Buddhism can be identified in Hellenistic, Roman and early Christian literature.
“According to this short overview, several sources of information about Buddhism can be identified in Hellenistic, Roman and early Christian literature.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationClement refers to the Buddha in a single sentence, quoting Indians who obey the precepts of Boutta.
“In a single sentence Clement refers to the Buddha: Some, too, of the Indians obey the precepts of Boutta whom, on account of his extraordinary sanctity, they have raised to divine honors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Clement, Stromateis 1.15.71
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Reed 2014 source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataBoth a qualifying label as deyadharma and a note regarding the expected merit are missing from the Hoq stūpa drawings.
“However, both a qualifying label as deyadharma or a note regarding the expected merit are missing.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThere is no reference to Bodhisattvas such as Maitreya, Mañjuśri or Avalokiteśvara, nor are any of the 'new Buddhas' mentioned by name, e.g. Amitābha or Akṣobhya, in the Hoq corpus.
“There is no reference to Bodhisattvassuch as Maitreya, Mañjuśri or Avalokiteśvaranor are any of the”
- Also stated in: § Unauthenticated Download Date | 10/8/19 3:24 PM · plain
“new Buddhas”
- Also stated in: § Unauthenticated Download Date | 10/8/19 3:24 PM · plain
“mentioned by name, ex.Amitābha or Akṣobhya.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Hoq corpus is representative enough that the absence of references to Mahāyāna figures indicates the absence of Mahāyāna Buddhism among the Indian visitors.
- Also stated in: § Unauthenticated Download Date | 10/8/19 3:24 PM · plain
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationAlthough there are indications that Indian communities settled permanently or at least for a longer time in harbour sites like Myos Hormos and Berenike and along the South-Arabian coast, there are no archaeological traces of any Buddhist institutions, be it a stūpa, a monastery or another cultic edifice or even object.
“Although there are indications that Indian communities settled permanently or at least for a longer time in harbour sites like Myos Hormos and Berenike and along the South-Arabian coast, 21 there are no archaeological traces of any Buddhist institutions, be it a stūpa, a monastery or another cultic edifice or even object.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sidebotham 2011, 69 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone givenClement's first explicit Buddhist reference is embedded in a longer passage about Indian religions that is otherwise based on Megasthenes' Indika.
“Clement's first explicit Buddhist reference is embedded in a longer passage about Indian religions that is otherwise based on Megasthenes' Indika.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe Hoq stūpa drawings were executed in the soft sand of the cave's floor, and even the footprints of the artist are visible.
“Moreover, the drawings were executed in the soft sand of the cave's floor.Even the footprints of the artist are visible.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationFussman states that Śivaite names are now well attested in North-West India and particularly in Buddhist context.
“(l)es noms śivaïtes sont maintenant bien attestés dans le Nord-Ouest de l'Inde et particulièrement en contexte bouddhique: de nombreuses dédicaces ont pour auteur un personnage dont le nom signifie 'esclave de Śiva' (Śiva-dāsa) ou 'protégé par Śiva' (Śiva-rakṣita)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fussman 1989,12
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationSocotra was connected through two routes with the Indo-Roman world: to the west via Muza, and to the Indian subcontinent via Barygaza and Limyrike.
“According to this text, Socotra was connected through two routes with the Indo-Roman world; to the west, trade was conducted via Muza, i.e. the South-Arabian harbor at the mouth of the Red Sea.The Indian subcontinent was accessed via the ports of Western India, namely Barygaza, the ancient Bharukaccha, and Limyrike”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites PME 30 + 31, Casson 1989, 67-69
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThewalt indicates one major purpose of these stūpa drawings: the generation of merit.
“Thewalt indicates one major purpose of these stūpa drawings: the generation of merit.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thewalt 1985, 782
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningThe little text at Hoq cave has to be understood in a quite general sense 'For the Lord Buddha.'
“It can therefore be assumed that the little text at Hoq cave has to be understood in a quite general sense”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningIf the interpretation of nabhakata as 'lion' is accepted, the word refers to a popular epithet of the Buddha, śākyasiṃha 'the lion of the Śākya family.'
“If this interpretation can be accepted, the word”
- Also stated in: § 2.3.2 Buddhist Devotional Texts and Drawings · plain
“here refers to a popular epithet of the Buddha, who was also known among his followers as śākyasiṃha”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § 2.3.2 Buddhist Devotional Texts and Drawings · plain
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationFussman concludes that from that time in North-West India, Śivaism and Buddhism got along well.
“Il semble bien que dès cette époque, dans le Nord-Ouest de l'Inde, śivaïsme et bouddhisme aient fait bon ménage”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fussman 1989,12
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationAccording to Thewalt, many elaborate rock-carvings must be attributed to highly skilled craftsmen trained in Gandhāra monasteries, while others are crude imitations by traveling laymen or neighboring villagers wishing to gain spiritual merit.
“Many of these elaborate rock-carvings must be attributed to highly skilled craftsmen who received their artistic training in the great monasteries of Gandhāra, while others are crude imitations, executed by traveling laymen or the inhabitants of neighboring villages, wishing to gain some spiritual merit by reproducing these sacred monuments.(Thewalt 1985, 782)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thewalt 1985, 782
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The quote only partly states this claim.
InterpretationreasoningWith certain reservations, a Buddhist background might be attributed to a total of eleven persons among the Hoq visitors.
“Consequently, with certain reservations, a Buddhist background might be attributed to a total of eleven persons.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Personal names in Indian onomastics reliably indicate religious affiliation, so that Buddhist personal names indicate that the bearer was a Buddhist or belonged to a Buddhist family.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationcitationThe term nabhakata can perhaps be associated with a Skt. lexeme nabhaḥkrānta, which later lexicographers explain as 'lion.'
“Given the Middle Indic character of the inscription, this term can perhaps be associated with a Skt.lexeme nabhaḥkrānta, a term which later lexicographers explain as”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hemacandra
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationBelgian speleologists discovered in 2000 in a karst cave on Socotra a considerable number of inscriptions and drawings dating to the second through the fourth or early fifth centuries CE.
“A few years ago, in 2000, Belgian speleologists discovered in one of the karst caves on the island of Socotra”
- Also stated in: § 2.1 Introduction · plain
“a considerable number of inscriptions and drawings, which date back to the second through the fourth or early fifth centuries CE”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Strauch 2012, 25-218
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § 2.1 Introduction · plain
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationVon Hinüber refers to Buddhist names like Dharmaviṣṇu and Dharmaśiva, attested in North-West and Central India.
“Von Hinüber refers to Buddhist names like Dharmaviṣṇu and Dharmaśiva, attested in North-West and Central India (von Hinüber 1989a, 53).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites von Hinüber 1989a, 53
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningSaṃghadāsa's father Jayasena's name points to a kṣatriya background of the family.
“Saṃghadāsa's father is called Jayasena, a name that clearly points to a kṣatriya background of the family.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThe śakas were very influential in Western India.
“The śakas were very influential in Western India.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lüders 1912, 209, Index s.v.śaka/saka
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationSeveral śakas are found among the donors for Buddhist monasteries in the Western Ghat cave inscriptions of the Sātavāhana and Western Kṣatrapa periods.
“Several of them are found among the donors for Buddhist monasteries in the Western Ghat cave inscriptions of the Sātavāhana and Western Kṣatrapa periods”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lüders 1912, 209, Index s.v.śaka/saka
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationIn the case of Dharmaviṣṇu from Shatial, his companion Viṣṇubhadra bears a distinct Vaiṣṇava name, while the combination Dharmaviṣṇu seems to preserve the family's Vaiṣṇava tradition and introduce the new Buddhist identity at the same time.
“In the case of Dharmaviṣṇu from Shatial, his companion (father/brother?)Viṣṇubhadra bears a distinct Vaiṣṇava name (12:3-4, Fussman and König 1997, 132), while the peculiar combination Dharmaviṣṇu seems to preserve the family's Vaiṣṇava tradition on the one hand, and introduces the new Buddhist identity at the same time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fussman and König 1997, 132
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Premisenone givenSocotra was part of the intercontinental Silk Road network from the Hellenistic period onwards.
“It has been known for a long time that Socotra was part of the intercontinental Silk Road network from the Hellenistic period onwards.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationThe drawings of Bodhisattvas and Tathāgatas at the Upper Indus are very artistic and can hardly be ascribed to traveling merchants.
“The drawings of Bodhisattvas and Tathāgatas at the Upper Indus, which are usually labelled with inscriptions containing their names, are very artistic and can hardly be ascribed to traveling merchants.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenThe assumed monotheism of Buddhism made this religion a natural partner in the struggle against the polytheistic cults of the Roman Empire.
“The assumed”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone givenThe Upper Indus routes formed an important part of the long-distance transmission of Buddhism to China.
“The Upper Indus routes formed an important part of this long-distance transmission of Buddhism to China.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningIt is possible that there were Buddhists among the Indian traders and settlers in the west, but how they were organized and how they practiced their religion in the foreign environment is completely unknown.
“It is possible that there were Buddhists among the Indian traders and settlers in the west, but how they were organized and how they practiced their religion in the foreign environment is completely unknown.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningUnder that personal-name interpretation, the second Hoq text would contain information about the ethnic background of this probably Buddhist visitor but no indication of an assumed monastic background.
“The text would thus contain a valuable information about the ethnic background of this (probably) Buddhist visitor, but no indication about an assumed monastic background.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premiseown dataBeside these well-known names, the inscriptions contain a number of Tathāgata names which are much less attested and show frequent parallels to texts preserved among the Gilgit and Central Asian manuscripts.
“Beside these well-known and popular names, the inscriptions contain a number of Tathāgata names, which are much less attested and show frequently parallels to texts preserved among the Gilgit and Central Asian manuscripts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
InterpretationreasoningSuch a monastery would need much more constant support than temporary visits of bypassing Indian ships could supply.
“Such an institution would need much more constant support than temporary visits of bypassing Indian ships could supply.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningIt is possible that both these intentions also motivated the drawings at Hoq.
“It is possible that both these intentions also motivated the drawings at Hoq.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningConditions along the western Indian Ocean trade routes were nearly diametrically opposite to the situation in the Indian northwest, where Buddhist monastics actively participated in movements along trade routes and local patrons supported Buddhist activities.
“Consequently, the conditions along the western Indian Ocean trade routes were nearly diametrically opposite to the situation in the Indian northwest, where Buddhist monastics actively participated in the movements along the trade routes and where local patrons lively supported the Buddhist activities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationWhile Philostratus' description of India contains much authentic information, the Ethiopian part of his work abounds in inaccuracies and fantastic elements.
“While his description of India contains much authentic information, the Ethiopian part of Philostratus' work abounds in inaccuracies and fantastic elements (Anderson 1986, 215-220).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Anderson 1986, 215-220
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThat the low reputation of the coastal Indian people would hint at their Buddhist (or Jain) identity is mere speculation.
“That their low reputation would hint at their Buddhist (or Jain) identity is mere speculation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningEven if one assumed an influence of Buddhist ideas and concepts on the Therapeutai, Philo's account gives no clue to determine the source of this influence.
“Even if we were to assume an influence of Buddhist ideas and concepts on this Jewish sect, we have no clue to determine the source of this influence on the basis of Philo's account.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningThe interpretation of śakaśramaṇa as śākyaśramaṇa is rather speculative and should not serve as indisputable evidence for the presence of Buddhist monks on Socotra.
“However, like in the first instance, this interpretation is rather speculative and should also not serve as indisputable evidence for the presence of Buddhist monks on Socotra.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThe complete formula is also preserved, as in yad atra puṇyaṃ bhavatu sarvasatvānāṃ (a)nutarajñānāvāptaye stu-r-itī.
“The complete formula is also preserved, as e.g. in yad atra puṇyaṃ bhavatu sarvasatvānāṃ (a)nutarajñānāvāptaye stu-r-itī”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hodar 4:1, Bandini-König 1999, 149
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
InterpretationreasoningDue to the absence of any other places of Buddhist worship on the island, it is natural to assume that the visitor created such a place by drawing these stūpas as objects of veneration.
“Due to the absence of any other places of Buddhist worship on the island, it is quite natural to assume that the visitor created such a place by drawing these stūpas as objects of veneration.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe interpretation of śakaśramaṇa is not beyond doubt.
“The interpretation of śakaśramaṇa is not beyond doubt.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationVon Hinüber interprets the Thalpan text as a variant of the well-known formula yad atra bhavatu puṇyaṃ tat sarvasattvānām anuttarajñānāvaptaye stu.
“Von Hinüber (1989b, 78) interprets this text convincingly as a variant of the well-known formula yad atra bhavatu puṇyaṃ tat sarvasattvānām anuttarajñānāvaptaye stu.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites von Hinüber 1989b, 78
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThewalt states that even the simplest drawings of stūpas served traveling believers as meditation objects and made the practice of faith possible where there was no opportunity to venerate a stūpa; small portable votive stūpas served the same purpose.
“. . .selbst einfachste Zeichnungen von stūpas dienten den reisenden Gläubigen als Meditationsobjekte und machten so die Ausübung des Glaubens selbst an Orten möglich, an denen es anders keine Gelegenheit gab, den stūpa zu verehren.Dem gleichen Zweck dienten übrigens auch kleine transportable Votivstūpa.(Thewalt 2008, 15)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thewalt 2008, 15
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationAnother function of these stūpa drawings has been repeatedly stressed: they can be interpreted as substitutes for votive stūpas.
“Beside this aspect of generating merit, another function of these stūpa drawings has been repeatedly stressed.As Oskar von Hinüber noted:”
- Also stated in: § 2.3.2 Buddhist Devotional Texts and Drawings · plain
“daß die Felszeichnungen von Stūpas als Ersatz für Votivstūpas gedeutet werden können”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites von Hinüber 1989b, 75
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § 2.3.2 Buddhist Devotional Texts and Drawings · plain
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationSailors came to Socotra to undertake trading activities and used their stay on the island for a visit of the cave; they had to wait for the next monsoon to continue their journey to India or the Mediterranean.
“Sailors came here to undertake certain trading activities and used their stay on the island for a visit of the supposedly sacred and, of course, naturally beautiful cave.They had to wait for the next monsoon, which would allow them to continue their journey to India or to the Mediterranean.20”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Data from Gujarati inscriptions of the seventeenth to eighteenth century CE at Ras Howlef can be projected to the earlier period to infer duration of voyages and stays.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone givenNilus' report in Philostratus simply reiterates the topoi previously introduced in Apollonius' speech.
“Nilus' report here simply reiterates the topoi previously introduced in Apollonius' speech.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationown dataDue to the corrupt character of the orthography and language used in the Hoq graffiti, it cannot be ruled out that śaka goes back to a Middle Indic influenced form of Skt. śākya.
“But due to the rather corrupt character of the orthography and language used in the Hoq graffiti it cannot be ruled out, that śaka goes back to a Middle Indic influenced form of Skt.śākya.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenThe reference in Philostratus to Egyptian merchants travelling to Indian coastal areas is possibly based on historical facts and confirms what we learned above from Dio Chrysostom.
“The reference to Egyptian merchants travelling to Indian coastal areas is possibly based on historical facts and confirms what we learned above from Dio Chrysostom.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningTemporary settlements of traders along the sea trade routes in South Arabia and the Red Sea coast were hardly able to provide the necessary economic support for permanent Buddhist institutions.
“Temporary settlements of traders along the sea trade routes in South Arabia and the Red Sea coast were hardly able to provide the necessary economic support for permanent Buddhist institutions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationThe Upper Indus drawings have a monastic background and represent donations commissioned either by locals or by traders on their way through the area.
“In other words, they have certainly a monastic background and represent donations, commissioned either by locals or by traders on their way through this area.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenIt is equally possible to ascribe the absence of such ideas in the Hoq corpus to the social status of the sailors, which would put aside the hypothesis of a distinct lay element in the emergence and distribution of Mahāyāna ideas.
“It is equally possible to ascribe this fact to the social status of the sailors; this would put aside the hypothesis of a distinct lay element in the emergence and distribution of Mahāyāna ideas.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationAccording to passages preserved in Porphyry, Bardesanes described the mode of life of Brahmins and samanaioi.
“According to the passages preserved in Porphyry's work, Bardesanes described the mode of life of Brahmins and samanaioi (< śramaṇa).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Porphyry
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationAlthough the ascetic character of the Therapeutai and certain other features allow for a comparison with Buddhism, there is not the slightest evidence that this community had any direct relation with Buddhism or can be linked to Buddhist groups settling in Egypt.
“Although their ascetic character together with certain other features allow for a comparison with Buddhism, there is not the slightest evidence that this community had any direct relation with Buddhism or can be linked to Buddhist groups settling in Egypt.24”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Seldeslachts (2007, 158-160)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Taylor and Davies (1998)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Taylor (2003)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenIt is also possible that these merchants transmitted Indian ideas to the West.
“It is also possible that these merchants transmitted Indian ideas to the West.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThe character of Philostratus' work is highly complicated, intermingling information inherited from Megasthenes' Indika and other earlier accounts with more recent data whose source is mostly unclear.
“The character of Philostratus' work is highly complicated, intermingling information inherited from Megasthenes' Indika and other earlier accounts with more recent data whose source is mostly unclear (Karttunen 1997, 7-8).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Karttunen 1997, 7-8
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe personal contacts of Mani with Buddhists, whom he met on his tour to India, and the influence of Buddhist conceptions on Manichaeism are well known.
“The personal contacts of the religion's founder Mani (216-277 CE) with Buddhists, whom he met on his tour to India, and the influence of Buddhist conceptions on Manichaeism are well known.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sundermann 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationIt is possible to distinguish two main functions of drawing stūpas on rock and other surfaces: they mark a probably temporary place of Buddhist worship and create a sacred space; and they are assumed to generate merit for the artist, relatives, parents up to all sentient beings.
“Accordingly, it is possible to distinguish two main functions of the activity of drawing stūpas on rock and other surfaces: 1.They mark aprobablytemporary place of Buddhist worship and thus create a sacred space.2. They are assumed to generate merit for the artist, his relatives, his parents up to all sentient beings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningAlthough it is highly probable that there were Buddhists among the Indian traders and settlers, there is no evidence that Buddhism ever left the boundaries of these Indian communities or was accepted by the local population or local economic or political élite.
“Although it is highly probable that there were Buddhists among the Indian traders and settlers, there is no evidence that Buddhism ever left the boundaries of these Indian communities or was accepted by the local population or the local economic or political élite.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: If Buddhism had left the boundaries of Indian communities or been accepted by local populations, the available sources would show evidence of it.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningIf śaka in the second Hoq text instantiates the well-known ethnonym, the interpretation as 'The Śaka (Scythian) Śramaṇa has come' is surely preferable.
“If śaka here instantiates the well-known ethnonym, the interpretation suggested above is surely the preferable one.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
InterpretationreasoningOnly a process involving the active engagement of religious professionals could have supplied the basis for the diffusion of Buddhism as an institutional religion.
“Only a process that involved the active engagement of religious professionals could have supplied the basis for the diffusion of Buddhism as an institutional religion.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone givenIn some cases, a special formula is added which refers to the generation of merit to be transferred to all sentient beings.
“In some cases, a special formula is added which refers to the generation of merit to be transferred to all sentient beings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe passage in Clement about holy men hardly reveals any profound knowledge of Buddhism and cannot serve as proof for Clement's direct acquaintance with Buddhists or Buddhism.
“Although this passage might well refer to Indian (or Indo-Greek) Buddhistsbut Jains or Ājīvikas are equally potential candidatesit hardly reveals any profound knowledge of this religion.Still less can it serve as proof for Clement's direct acquaintance with Buddhists or Buddhism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenIt is possible that ideas such as those expressed in the Upper Indus material were not present among the Buddhists in Western India, who would have followed a much more conservative approach in their religious belief and practice.
“It is possible, that ideas such as those expressed in the Upper Indus material were not present among the Buddhists in Western India who would have followed a much more conservative approach in their religious belief and practice.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningTrade and traders could act as initial and supportive factors in the spread of Buddhism, but they were hardly in the position to substantiate this religious impact.
“Trade and traders could act as initial and supportive factors in the spread of Buddhism, but they were hardly in the position to substantiate this religious impact.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationAccording to Jan Moje, both symbols on the Demotic gravestone from Dendera are purely Egyptian.
“According to a recent study by Jan Moje, both symbols are purely Egyptian.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Moje 2008, 40-43
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenWith regard to permanent settlements of Indians in other parts of the Western Indian Ocean network, the situation is different, but our knowledge about them is much more limited.
“With regard to the permanent settlements of Indians in other parts of the Western Indian Ocean network the situation is different.But unfortunately, our knowledge about them is much more limited.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThewalt states that stūpa drawings were very often made as replacements for monumental stūpas when the temporal and financial resources of donors were limited.
“So kann es keinen vernünftigen Zweifel geben, daß die stūpa-Zeichnungen sehr häufig als Ersatz für monumentale stūpas angefertigt worden sind, wenn die zeitlichen und finanziellen Ressourcen der Stifter begrenzt waren.(Thewalt 2008, 10)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thewalt 2008, 10
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The paper relies on this without support.
Personal names in Indian onomastics reliably indicate religious affiliation, so that Buddhist personal names indicate that the bearer was a Buddhist or belonged to a Buddhist family.
“It is known that in many cases, Indian names refer to the religious and, to a certain degree, social status of a person.In Indian onomastics, Buddhist personal names are often formed by using the designation of one of the three jewels -Buddha, Dharma, Saṃgha.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Hoq corpus is representative enough that the absence of references to Mahāyāna figures indicates the absence of Mahāyāna Buddhism among the Indian visitors.
“There is not the slightest trace of any”
“advanced”
“form of Buddhism, which is generally related to Mahāyāna tendencies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Periplus' statement that Indians lived permanently on Socotra is not accurate.
“The Periplus' statement that Indians lived permanently on the island is certainly not to be taken as accurate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Data from Gujarati inscriptions of the seventeenth to eighteenth century CE at Ras Howlef can be projected to the earlier period to infer duration of voyages and stays.
“But the data of Gujarati inscriptions from a much later period (seventeenth to eighteenth century CE) that were discovered at Ras Howlef on the northern coast of Socotra, can perhaps be projected to the earlier period (Shelat 2012).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Travelers along the trade routes to the north comprised Buddhist monks accompanying the caravans.
“On the other hand, it is well known that the travelers along the trade routes to the north also comprised Buddhist monks accompanying the caravans.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The evidence of the Hoq corpus can be generalized to India's oversea trade contacts with the West in the first centuries CE.
“If it is permissible to generalize the evidence of the Hoq corpus for India's oversea trade contacts with the West in the first centuries of our era, the following points can be highlighted:”
The paper relies on this without support.
If Buddhism had left the boundaries of Indian communities or been accepted by local populations, the available sources would show evidence of it.
“Although it is highly probable that there were Buddhists among the Indian traders and settlers, there is no evidence that Buddhism ever left the boundaries of these Indian communities or was accepted by the local population or the local economic or political élite.”
Citations
Cites
The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary
Sidebotham, S. E., & Casson, L. (1990) · The Classical World · doi:10.2307/4350604 · Cited by 323
Foreign Sailors on Socotra: The inscriptions and drawings from the cave Hoq
Strauch, I. (2022) · FID4SA-Repository · doi:10.11588/fid4sarep.00004615 · Cited by 122
Self-citationJewish Women Philosophers of First-Century Alexandria: Philo's "Therapeutae" Reconsidered
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India and the Hellenistic World
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When the Greeks Converted the Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures
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Jewish Women Philosophers of First-Century Alexandria
Taylor, J. E. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199291410.001.0001 · Cited by 53
Pearson, B. A. (2005) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789047407867_002 · Cited by 45
India and the Greek World: A Study in the Transmission of Culture
Spellman, J. W., & Sedlar, J. W. (1981) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1857458 · Cited by 40
Mah?y?na in Indian inscriptions
Schopen, G. (1979) · Indo-Iranian Journal · doi:10.1007/bf00182754 · Cited by 20
Epigraphic Remains of Indian Traders in Egypt
Salomon, R. (1991) · Journal of the American Oriental Society · doi:10.2307/603404 · Cited by 18
Berenike and the Ancient Maritime Spice Route
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Bemmann, M., Fussman, G., Hinüber, O. V., Sims-Williams, N., & Bandini, D. (1994) · Artium Quaestiones · doi:10.11588/diglit.36944 · Cited by 6
Localizing the Buddha’s Presence at Wayside Shrines in Northern Pakistan
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Rock inscriptions in the Indus Valley
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Salomon, R. G., Fussman, G., König, D., Fussman, G., & Konig, D. (2001) · Journal of the American Oriental Society · doi:10.2307/606513 · Cited by 4
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Early Spread and Influence of Buddhism in Western Asia
Webb, R. (1993) · Buddhist Studies Review · doi:10.1558/bsrv.v10i1.15241
(2009)
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Research works printed but not linked: 13
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Cited by
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Primary Sources and Asian Pasts: Beyond the Boundaries of the “Gupta Period”
Bisschop, P. C., & Cecil, E. A. (2020) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110674088-001 · Cited by 3
The Identity of Places of Worship as a Means of Spiritualism and Political Propaganda in Indonesia
Kusmanto, H., Regif, S. Y., Ohorella, N. R., Noorikhsan, F. F., & Nasution, L. N. (2023) · Pharos Journal of Theology · doi:10.46222/pharosjot.104.412 · Cited by 2
Graffiti in Ancient India: Towards the Definition of a Genre of Indian Epigraphy
Strauch, I. (2023) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111326306-010 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Strauch, I.
- Corresponding author
- Strauch, Ingo
- ORCID
- Strauch, Ingo
- Venue
- Buddhism and the Dynamics of Transculturality
- Publisher
- De Gruyter
- Published
- 2019-10-08
- Pages
- 15-52
- OpenAlex
- W4249080638
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2023: 2 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 4.79
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- De Gruyter eBooks (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Global Maritime and Colonial Histories
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Eurasian Exchange Networks
- Keywords
- Buddhism, Socotra Island, maritime trade, spread of Buddhism, Indian Ocean trade, Buddhist missionaries
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