Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Routes of Exposure and Effects on Human Health
Abstract
The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are synthetic organochlorine chemicals that were useful industrial products in the past, but their production was ended because they persist in both the environment and living organisms. The PCBs are mixtures of up to 209 different components (congeners), depending on the number and position of chlorines around the biphenyl ring. The PCBs are fat-soluble substances to which everyone is exposed through ingesting animal fats, inhalation, or dermal contact. Exposure to PCBs suppresses the immune system, thereby increasing the risk of acquiring several human diseases. Both ortho-substituted and coplanar (dioxin-like) congeners are tumor promoters that enhance the effects of other carcinogenic substances. PCB exposure, especially during fetal and early life, reduces IQ and alters behavior. The PCBs alter thyroid and reproductive function in both males and females and increase the risk of developing cardiovascular and liver disease and diabetes. Women are at high risk of giving birth to infants of low birth weight, who are at high lifetime risk for several diseases. As knowledge of their toxic effects has grown faster than environmental levels have declined, PCBs remain dangerous contaminants.
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The weight of evidence from epidemiological studies supports a negative association between developmental exposure to PCBs and neuropsychological function in infancy and childhood.
“The weight of evidence from epidemiological studies supports a negative association between developmental exposure to PCBs and neuropsychological function in infancy and childhood [ 56 , 95–99 ].”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [97]
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Minding the calcium store: Ryanodine receptor activation as a convergent mechanism of PCB toxicity
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“…documenting that PCBs interfere with normal neurodevelopment in humans and experimental animal models (Seegal, 1996; Schantz et al., 2003; Carpenter, 2006; Korrick and Sagiv, 2008; Winneke, 2011), only recently have adverse outcome pathways of PCB developmental neurotoxicity been…”
BackgroundPerinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls alters social behaviors in rats
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Immunologic and neurodevelopmental susceptibilities of autism
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- Authors
- Carpenter, D. O.
- Affiliations
- University at Albany, State University of New York (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carpenter, David O.
- ORCID
- Carpenter, David O.
- Venue
- Reviews on Environmental Health
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-24
- ISSN
- 0048-7554 (ISSN-L)
- 2191-0308
- OpenAlex
- W2062948983
- Cited by
- 494
- References
- 154
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 1.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Reviews on Environmental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- polychlorinated biphenyls, PCB congeners, human exposure pathways, dietary exposure, immunosuppression, tumor promotion, developmental neurotoxicity, thyroid function, reproductive toxicity, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, diabetes mellitus, low birth weight, organochlorine contaminants
- MeSH terms
- Chronic Disease, Environmental Exposure, Health Status, Humans, Infections, Neoplasms, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, United States, Water Pollution, Chemical, Risk Assessment
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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