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Cited by 65Sports Performance and TrainingExercise and Physiological ResponsesSports injuries and prevention

Biomarker Response to a Competitive Season in Division I Female Soccer Players

Walker, Alan J., McFadden, Bridget A., Sanders, David J., Rabideau, Meaghan M., Hofacker, Morgan L., Arent, Shawn M.·2019·Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
DOI 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003264
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Abstract

Walker, AJ, McFadden, BA, Sanders, DJ, Rabideau, MM, Hofacker, ML, and Arent, SM. Biomarker response to a competitive season in Division I female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2622–2628, 2019—The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of training load (TL) on performance and biomarkers of health, performance, and recovery in Division I female soccer players throughout a competitive season. Subjects ( N = 25, M age = 20 ± 1.1 years) were monitored before the start of preseason and every 4-weeks thereafter (T1–T5). A battery of performance tests was administered before the start of preseason (P1) and end-of-season (P2), including body composition (percent body fat [%BF], fat free mass [FFM], and fat mass), vertical jump (VJ), and V o 2 max. Blood draws were conducted at every time point (T1–T5) to assess free and total cortisol (CORTF and CORTT), prolactin (PRL), T3, IL-6, creatine kinase (CK), sex-hormone binding globulin, omega-3 (n-3FA), vitamin-D (Vit-D), iron (Fe), hematocrit (HcT), ferritin (Fer), percent saturation (%Sat), and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). Daily exercise energy expenditure (EEE) and TL were determined. There were significant declines in V o 2 max, VJ, weight, and %BF from P1–P2 ( p < 0.05) with no significant differences in FFM. Training load and EEE significantly decreased from T1–T3 ( p < 0.05). Significant increases were seen in CORTT, CORTF, PRL, T3, IL-6, CK, and TIBC throughout the season ( p < 0.05). Significant decreases were seen in n-3FA, Fe, Fer, %Sat, and Hct throughout the season ( p < 0.05). Female athletes experience significant physiological changes following high TL and EEE associated with preseason and appear to be further exacerbated by the cumulative effects of the season. Unique insights provided by biomarkers enable athletes and coaches to be cognizant of the physiological changes that are occurring throughout the season.

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Authors
Walker, A. J., McFadden, B. A., Sanders, D. J., Rabideau, M. M., Hofacker, M. L., & Arent, S. M.
Affiliations
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding author
Arent, Shawn M.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2019-10
Volume
33
Issue
10
Pages
2622-2628
ISSN
1064-8011 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1519/jsc.0000000000003264
OpenAlex
W2968306352
Cited by
65
References
31
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 8
FWCI
11.15
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports injuries and prevention
Keywords
female soccer players, training load, competitive season, biomarkers, cortisol, prolactin, interleukin-6, creatine kinase, iron status, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, exercise energy expenditure, VO2max, vertical jump, body composition, recovery, pre-season training
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Body Composition, Body Weight, Creatine Kinase, Exercise Test, Physical Exertion, Female, Ferritins, Hematocrit, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Iron, Oxygen, Oxygen Consumption, Prolactin, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Soccer, Triiodothyronine, Vitamin D, Biomarkers, Exercise, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Interleukin-6, Athletic Performance, Young Adult, Physical Conditioning, Human

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