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Effects of Hydration Educational Intervention in High School Football Players
Abstract
Atkins, WC, McDermott, BP, Kanemura, K, Adams, JD, and Kavouras, S. Effects of Hydration Educational Intervention in High School Football Players. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 385–390, 2021—The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a one-time educational intervention (EI) on hydration behaviors, status, and knowledge. In a pre-test, post-test quasi-experimental design, 41 in-season American high school football players (16 ± 1 years) voluntarily participated. Teams were assigned to EI or no intervention (NI) groups. Educational intervention included a 5-minute presentation on hydration importance, self-assessment, urine-color charts, water bottles, and hydration status feedback. Baseline data included 24-hour fluid intake logs, urinalysis, and questionnaires. Data collection was repeated 3 and 24-days post-EI. Subjects provided urine samples and recorded fluid intake. Twenty-four hour mean fluid consumed (FC) and water consumed (WC) were calculated. Questionnaires quantified hydration knowledge. Significance was set a priori at p ≤ 0.05. Urine specific gravity was not significantly different at baseline (EI: 1.026 ± 0.006; NI: 1.023 ± 0.009; p = 0.118, confidence interval [CI] 95% [−0.001 to 008]), improved 3-days post-EI (EI: 1.017 ± 0.010; NI: 1.026 ± 0.007; p = 0.004, CI 95% [−0.015 to −0.003]), and was not different 24-days post-EI (EI: 1.021 ± 0.009; NI: 1.025 ± 0.007; p = 0.213, CI 95% [−0.008 to 002]) between groups. Three days post-EI, 24-hour WC increased significantly in the EI (EI: 888 ± 713 ml; t (19) = −5.685, p < 0.001, CI 95%: [−1,208.9 to −560.0]) but not NI (119 ± 583 ml; t (20) = −0.915, CI 95%: [−392.0 to 153.5]) and EI increased FC by 19%, whereas NI showed a 6% FC decrease. There were no significant group ( F (1,19) = 0.025, p = 0.876, = 0.001) or interaction effects for hydration knowledge ( F (2,38) = 0.677, p = 0.514, = 0.034). Educational intervention improved hydration status and behaviors despite no change in knowledge. Hydration education should be implemented and reinforced by team personnel as benefits to an EI are reduced at 24-days post-intervention.
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“Twenty-seven unique studies (7, 8, 11, 13–24, 28–39) were included.”
In the citing paper
“Several included studies evaluated hydration education in youth American football, volleyball, soccer, and mixed athletic settings, reporting favorable changes in knowledge or short-term hydration status when education is combined with objective feedback and practical cues (7, 8).”
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“Atkins et al. (8) used a brief education session, urine-color charts, water bottles, and hydration feedback in high-school football players, improving urine specific gravity and water intake at 3 days”
In the citing paper
“Moderate judgments in the original ROBINS-I set generally occurred when studies included comparator groups, structured delivery, repeated assessments, objective hydration or anthropometric measures, or more detailed dietary assessment, although residual confounding remained (7, 8, 11, 16, 17, 30, 34, 38).”
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“although effects were not maintained at 24 days”
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Cites
Water, hydration, and health: Nutrition Reviews©, Vol. 68, No. 8
Popkin, B. M., D'Anci, K. E., & Rosenberg, I. H. (2010) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00304.x · Cited by 1,175
McDermott, B. P., Anderson, S. A., Armstrong, L. E., Casa, D. J., Cheuvront, S. N., Cooper, L., Kenney, W. L., O'Connor, F. G., & Roberts, W. O. (2017) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.9.02 · Cited by 438
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Research works printed but not linked: 16
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Cited by
Hulland, S. C., Trakman, G. L., & Alcock, R. D. (2024) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114523002799 · Cited by 34
Victoria-Montesinos, D., García-Muñoz, A. M., Mercader-Ros, M. T., Jaraba-Salinero, Y., & Figueroa-Morales, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1939289 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Atkins, W. C., McDermott, B. P., Kanemura, K., Adams, J. D., & Kavouras, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas;
- Atlanta Braves, Venice, Florida;
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina; and
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Venue
- Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research
- Published
- 2020-12-16
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 385-390
- ISSN
- 1064-8011
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 2
- Language
- en
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