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Cited by 49

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Drinking to Thirst Versus Drinking Ad Libitum During Road Cycling

Armstrong, Lawrence E., Johnson, Evan C., Kunces, Laura J., Ganio, Matthew S., Judelson, Daniel A., Kupchak, Brian R., Vingren, Jakob L., Munoz, Colleen X., Huggins, Robert A., Hydren, Jay R., Moyen, Nicole E., Williamson, Keith H.·2014·Journal of Athletic Training
DOI 10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.85
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Abstract

Context: The sensation of thirst is different from the complex behavior of drinking ad libitum. Rehydration recommendations to athletes differ, depending on the source, yet no previous researchers have systematically compared drinking to thirst (DTT) versus ad libitum drinking behavior (DAL). Objective: To compare 2 groups of trained cyclists (DTT and DAL) who had similar physical characteristics and training programs (P > .05). The DTT group (n = 12, age = 47 ± 7 years) drank only when thirsty, whereas the DAL group (n = 12, age = 44 ± 7 years) consumed fluid ad libitum (ie, whenever and in whatever volume desired). Design: Cohort study. Setting: Road cycling (164 km) in the heat (36.1°C ± 6.5°C). Patients or Other Participants: Ultraendurance cyclists (4 women, 20 men). Intervention(s): We recorded measurements 1 day before the event, on event day before the start, at 3 roadside aid stations, at the finish line, and 1 day after the event. Main Outcome Measure(s): Body mass, urinary hydration indices, and food and fluids consumed. Results: No between-groups differences were seen on event day for total exercise time (DTT = 6.69 ± 0.89 hours, DAL = 6.66 ± 0.77 hours), urinary indices (specific gravity, color), body mass change (DTT = −2.22% ± 1.73%, DAL = −2.29% ± 1.62%), fluid intake (DTT = 5.63 ± 2.59 L/6.7 h, DAL = 6.04 ± 2.37 L/6.7 h), dietary energy intake, macronutrient intake, ratings of thirst (DTT start = 2 ± 1, DTT finish = 6 ± 1, DAL start = 2 ± 1, DAL finish = 6 ± 1), pain, perceived exertion, or thermal sensation. Total fluid intake on recovery day +1 was the primary significant difference (DAL = 5.13 ± 1.87 L/24 h, DTT = 3.13 ± 1.53 L/24 h, t18 = 2.59, P = .02). Conclusions: Observations on event day indicated that drinking to thirst and drinking ad libitum resulted in similar physiologic and perceptual outcomes. This suggests that specific instructions to “drink to thirst” were unnecessary. Indeed, if athletes drink ad libitum, they can focus on training and competition rather than being distracted by ongoing evaluation of thirst sensations.

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Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 31

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Metadata

Authors
Armstrong, L. E., Johnson, E. C., Kunces, L. J., Ganio, M. S., Judelson, D. A., Kupchak, B. R., Vingren, J. L., Munoz, C. X., Huggins, R. A., Hydren, J. R., Moyen, N. E., & Williamson, K. H.
Affiliations
  • University of Connecticut, Storrs
  • University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
  • California State University, Fullerton
  • University of North Texas, Denton
  • US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
  • Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, TX
Venue
Journal of Athletic Training
Publisher
National Athletic Trainers' Association
Published
2014-10-01
Volume
49
Issue
5
Pages
624-631
ISSN
1062-6050
DOI
10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.85
Cited by
49
References
6
Language
en

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Drinking to Thirst Versus Drinking Ad Libitum During Road Cycling. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.85
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Armstrong, L. E., Johnson, E. C., Kunces, L. J., Ganio, M. S., Judelson, D. A., Kupchak, B. R., Vingren, J. L., Munoz, C. X., Huggins, R. A., Hydren, J. R., Moyen, N. E., & Williamson, K. H. (2014). Drinking to Thirst Versus Drinking Ad Libitum During Road Cycling. Journal of Athletic Training. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.85

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