The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of Respiratory Muscle Training on Performance in Athletes: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analyses
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review to determine if respiratory muscle training (RMT) improves sport performance and respiratory muscle strength and endurance. Methodology followed the Cochrane Collaboration protocol. MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, EMBASE, EBM reviews, and COCHRANE electronic databases were searched until July 2011. Articles were included if: (a) participants were athletes; (b) RMT was compared with sham or control in a randomized controlled design and included outcomes of respiratory muscle and sport performance; and (d) published in English. Quality assessment using PEDro and data abstraction was performed by 2 authors. Outcomes evaluated were measures of sport performance, exercise capacity, spirometry, and respiratory muscle strength and endurance. Meta-analyses were performed on outcomes reported in 2 or more papers. Results of this systematic review revealed that of the 6,923 citations retrieved from the search strategy, 21 met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses demonstrated a significant positive effect of RMT on sport performance outcomes of time trials, exercise endurance time, and repetitions on Yo-Yo tests. Inspiratory muscle strength and endurance improved in most studies, which in part, was dependent on the type of RMT employed. Determination of the type of athlete that may benefit most from RMT was limited by small sample sizes, differing RMT protocols, and differences in outcome measures across studies. In conclusion, RMT can improve sport performance. Closer attention to matching the ventilatory demands of RMT to those required during athletic competition and more aggressive progression of training intensity may show greater improvements in future studies.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The lack of changes in running or cycling performance is at odds with two meta-analysis suggesting enhancements in time-trial performance following RMT4,5, but in line with other studies which also found no ergogenic effects of RMT in the absence38,39 or presence of sham or control groups40,41.”
From Similar effects on exercise performance following different respiratory muscle training programs in healthy young men (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Both respiratory muscle endurance training (RMET) and inspiratory resistive training (IMT) seem to increase whole-body exercise performance, but direct comparisons between the two are scarce.”
From Similar effects on exercise performance following different respiratory muscle training programs in healthy young men (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
Citations
Cites
Reliability of the PEDro Scale for Rating Quality of Randomized Controlled Trials
Maher, C. G., Sherrington, C., Herbert, R. D., Moseley, A. M., & Elkins, M. (2003) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/83.8.713 · Cited by 4,808
Effects of respiratory muscle work on cardiac output and its distribution during maximal exercise
Harms, C. A., Wetter, T. J., McClaran, S. R., Pegelow, D. F., Nickele, G. A., Nelson, W. B., Hanson, P., & Dempsey, J. A. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.2.609 · Cited by 473
Ventilatory muscle strength and endurance training
Leith, D. E., & Bradley, M. (1976) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1976.41.4.508 · Cited by 396
Ramírez-Sarmiento, A., Orozco‐Levi, M., Güell, R., Barreiro, E., Hernandez, N., Mota, S., Sangenís, M., Broquetas, J. M., Casán, P., & Gea, J. (2002) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200202-075oc · Cited by 373
Determinants of Maximal Inspiratory Pressure: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Harik-Khan, R., Wise, R. A., & Fozard, J. L. (1998) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.158.5.9712006 · Cited by 242
Inspiratory muscle training attenuates the human respiratory muscle metaboreflex
Witt, J. D., Guenette, J. A., Rupert, J. L., McKenzie, D. C., & Sheel, A. W. (2007) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.140855 · Cited by 220
Self-citationInspiratory muscle training improves rowing performance
VOLIANITIS, S., MCCONNELL, A. K., KOUTEDAKIS, Y., MCNAUGHTON, L., BACKX, K., & JONES, D. A. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200105000-00020 · Cited by 219
Respiratory Muscle Training in Healthy Humans: Resolving the Controversy
MCCONNELL, A. K., & Romer, L. M. (2004) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2004-815827 · Cited by 216
Respiratory Muscle Training in Healthy Individuals
Sheel, A. W. (2002) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200232090-00003 · Cited by 191
Self-citationEffects of inspiratory muscle training on time-trial performance in trained cyclists
Romer, L. M., McConnell, A. K., & Jones, D. A. (2002) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404102760000053 · Cited by 163
Geddes, E. L., Reid, W. D., Crowe, J. M., O’Brien, K. K., & Brooks, D. (2005) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2005.03.006 · Cited by 154
Self-citationInspiratory muscle training improves 100 and 200 m swimming performance
Kilding, A. E., Brown, S., & McConnell, A. K. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1228-x · Cited by 136
Wells, G. D., Plyley, M. J., Thomas, S. G., Goodman, L., & Duffin, J. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-005-1375-7 · Cited by 132
Johnson, M. A., Sharpe, G. R., & Brown, P. I. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0551-3 · Cited by 114
Inspiratory muscle fatigue in swimmers after a single 200 m swim
LOMAX, M., & MCCONNELL, A. K. (2003) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/0264041031000101999 · Cited by 114
Inspiratory muscle fatigue in trained cyclists: effects of inspiratory muscle training
ROMER, L. M., MCCONNELL, A. K., & JONES, D. A. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200205000-00010 · Cited by 113
Cellular adaptations of the ventilatory muscles to a chronic increased respiratory load
Keens, T. G., CHEN, V., Patel, P., O'Brien, P. J., Levison, H., & Ianuzzo, C. D. (1978) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1978.44.6.905 · Cited by 108
The respiratory system as an exercise limiting factor in normal trained subjects
Boutellier, U., B�chel, R., Kundert, A., & Spengler, C. (1992) · European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00868139 · Cited by 105
Effects of respiratory muscle training versus placebo on endurance exercise performance
Sonetti, D. A., Wetter, T. J., Pegelow, D. F., & Dempsey, J. A. (2001) · Respiration Physiology · doi:10.1016/s0034-5687(01)00250-x · Cited by 101
The influence of inspiratory and expiratory muscle training upon rowing performance
Griffiths, L. A., & McConnell, A. K. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0367-6 · Cited by 99
Endurance training of respiratory muscles improves cycling performance in fit young cyclists
Holm, P., Sattler, A., & Fregosi, R. F. (2004) · BMC Physiology · doi:10.1186/1472-6793-4-9 · Cited by 96
Markov, G., Spengler, C. M., Knöpfli-Lenzin, C., Stuessi, C., & Boutellier, U. (2001) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210100450 · Cited by 94
Bailey, S. J., Romer, L. M., Kelly, J., Wilkerson, D. P., DiMenna, F. J., & Jones, A. M. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00077.2010 · Cited by 90
Romer, L. M., McConnell, A. K., & Jones, D. A. (2002) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2002-33143 · Cited by 90
Ten years of evidence to guide physiotherapy interventions: Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro)
Sherrington, C., Moseley, A. M., Herbert, R., Elkins, M. R., & Maher, C. G. (2009) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.066357 · Cited by 85
Inspiratory resistive loading improves cycling capacity: a placebo controlled trial
Gething, A. D., Williams, M., & Davies, B. (2004) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.007518 · Cited by 80
Hyperpnea training attenuates peripheral chemosensitivity and improves cycling endurance
McMahon, M. E., Boutellier, U., Smith, R. M., & Spengler, C. M. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.205.24.3937 · Cited by 77
Related Trends in Locomotor and Respiratory Muscle Oxygenation during Exercise
LEGRAND, R., MARLES, A., PRIEUR, F., LAZZARI, S., BLONDEL, N., & MUCCI, P. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000241638.90348.67 · Cited by 70
Specific inspiratory muscle training in well-trained endurance athletes
INBAR, O., WEINER, P., AZGAD, Y., ROTSTEIN, A., & WEINSTEIN, Y. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200007000-00008 · Cited by 69
Morgan, D., Kohrt, W., Bates, B., & Skinner, J. (1987) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1025647 · Cited by 69
Tong, T. K., Fu, F. H., Chung, P., Eston, R. G., Lu, K., Quach, B., Nie, J., & So, R. C. H. (2008) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h08-050 · Cited by 67
Respiratory muscle training improves swimming endurance in divers
Wylegala, J. A., Pendergast, D. R., Gosselin, L. E., Warkander, D. E., & Lundgren, C. E. G. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0359-6 · Cited by 63
Specificity of Exercise and Specificity of Training: A Subcellular Review
McCafferty, W. B., & Horvath, S. M. (1977) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/10671315.1977.10615433 · Cited by 62
The Influence of Respiratory Muscle Training Upon Intermittent Exercise Performance
Nicks, C. R., Morgan, D., Fuller, D. K., & Caputo, J. L. (2008) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1038794 · Cited by 62
Inspiratory muscle training fails to improve endurance capacity in athletes
WILLIAMS, J. S., WONGSATHIKUN, J., BOON, S. M., & ACEVEDO, E. O. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200207000-00022 · Cited by 62
Gosselink, R., WAGENAAR, R. C., & Decramer, M. (1996) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.51.6.601 · Cited by 60
Changes in respiratory muscle and lung function following marathon running in man
ROSS, E. Z., Middleton, N., Shave, R., George, K., & MCCONNELL, A. K. (2008) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410802104904 · Cited by 59
Fairbarn, M., Coutts, K., Pardy, R., & McKenzie, D. (1991) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024658 · Cited by 56
Mickleborough, T. D., Nichols, T., Lindley, M. R., Chatham, K., & Ionescu, A. A. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00951.x · Cited by 53
Respiratory Muscle Training as an Ergogenic Aid
MCCONNELL, A. K. (2009) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/s1728-869x(09)60019-8 · Cited by 53
Intermittent Inspiratory Muscle Training Induces Fiber Hypertrophy in Rat Diaphragm
Bisschop, A., Gayan‐Ramirez, G., Rollier, H., Gosselink, R., Dom, R., de Bock, V., & Decramer, M. (1997) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.155.5.9154861 · Cited by 51
Respiratory Muscle Fatigue After an Ultra-Marathon Measured as Inspiratory Task Failure
Ker, J., & Schultz, C. J. (1996) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-972884 · Cited by 50
Maximal oxygen uptake and work capacity after inspiratory muscle training: A controlled study
Hanel, B., & Secher, N. H. (1991) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640419108729854 · Cited by 35
Riganas, C. S., Vrabas, I. S., Christoulas, K. I., & Mandroukas, K. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 33
Insights into the role of the respiratory muscle metaboreflex
Harms, C. A. (2007) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.145540 · Cited by 24
Tong, T. K., Fu, F. H. K., Eston, R. G., Chung, P., Quach, B., & Lu, K. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181bf033b · Cited by 22
Inspiratory Muscle Training in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Reid, W. D., Geddes, E. L., Brooks, D., O’Brien, K. K., & Crowe, J. M. (2004) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.2310/6640.2004.00019 · Cited by 21
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Ojaunen, 1994, Can the true effects of exercise on psychological variables be separated from placebo effects Int J Sport P, sychol, 25, 63
- Reid, 1984, Ventilatory muscle strength and endurance training in elderly subjects and patients with chronic airflow limitation. A pilot study., Physiother Can, 36, 305
- Sperlich, 2009, Does respiratory muscle training increase physical performance Mil M, ed, 174, 977
Cited by
Inspiratory Muscle Rehabilitation in Critically Ill Adults. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Vorona, S., Sabatini, U., Al-Maqbali, S., Bertoni, M., Dres, M., Bissett, B., van Haren, F. M. P., Martin, A. D., Urrea, C., Brace, D., et al. (2018) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.201712-961oc · Cited by 209
Self-citationBalsalobre‐Fernández, C., Santos‐Concejero, J., & Grivas, G. V. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001316 · Cited by 188
Respiratory parameters in elite athletes – does sport have an influence?
Mazic, S. D., Lazović, B., Djelic, M. N., Suzic-Lazić, J., Saranovic, S. D., Durmić, T., Soldatović, I., Žikić, D., Gluvic, Z. M., & Zugic, V. (2015) · Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia · doi:10.1016/j.rppnen.2014.12.003 · Cited by 109
Archiza, B., Andaku, D. K., Caruso, F., Bonjorno, J. C., de Oliveira, C. R., Ricci, P. A., Amaral, A. C., Mattiello, S. M., Libardi, C. A., Phillips, S. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1340659 · Cited by 98
Shei, R. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002730 · Cited by 97
Metadata
- Authors
- HajGhanbari, B., Yamabayashi, C., Buna, T. R., Coelho, J. D., Freedman, K. D., Morton, T. A., Palmer, S. A., Toy, M. A., Walsh, C., Sheel, A. W., & Reid, W. D.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Reid, W. Darlene
- Venue
- Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1643-1663
- ISSN
- 1064-8011 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2088205751
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 1.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Keywords
- respiratory muscle training, athletic performance, athletes, inspiratory muscle strength, inspiratory muscle endurance, exercise endurance, Yo-Yo test, time trial
- MeSH terms
- Breathing Exercises, Humans, Physical Education and Training, Physical Endurance, Respiratory Muscles, Muscle Strength, Athletic Performance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.