Eyewitness or earwitness: The role of mental imagery in intrusion development

Using multivariate statistics

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,888 · see citing works

Impact of Event Scale: A Measure of Subjective Stress

Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004 · Cited by 7,813 · see citing works

A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder

Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0 · Cited by 6,147 · see citing works

The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system

Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.2.261 · Cited by 4,089 · see citing works

The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): development and validation

Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M. (1999) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303 · Cited by 1,727 · see citing works

A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.4.670 · Cited by 1,696 · see citing works

The Case for Mental Imagery

Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., & Ganis, G. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179088.001.0001 · Cited by 909 · see citing works

Mental Imagery and Emotion: A Special Relationship?

Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2005) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.4.489 · Cited by 612 · see citing works

Measurement of Individual Differences in Visual versus Verbal Information Processing

Childers, T. L., Houston, M. J., & Heckler, S. E. (1985) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/208501 · Cited by 496 · see citing works

Trauma films, information processing, and intrusive memory development

Holmes, E. A., Brewin, C. R., & Hennessy, R. G. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.3 · Cited by 457 · see citing works

Inducing and modulating intrusive emotional memories: A review of the trauma film paradigm

Holmes, E. A., & Bourne, C. (2008) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.11.002 · Cited by 410 · see citing works

Verbalizer-visualizer: A cognitive style dimension.

Richardson, A. (1977) · Journal of Mental Imagery · Cited by 366 · see citing works

Intuitions and introspections about imagery: the role of imagery experience in shaping an investigator's theoretical views

Reisberg, D., Pearson, D., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2002) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.858 · Cited by 340 · see citing works

Construct Validation of the Dutch Version of the Impact of Event Scale.

van der Ploeg, E., Mooren, T. T. M., Kleber, R. J., van der Velden, P. G., & Brom, D. (2004) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.1.16 · Cited by 294 · see citing works

Mental imagery as an emotional amplifier: Application to bipolar disorder

Holmes, E. A., Geddes, J. R., Colom, F., & Goodwin, G. M. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.09.005 · Cited by 256 · see citing works

Looking at or through rose-tinted glasses? Imagery perspective and positive mood.

Holmes, E. A., Coughtrey, A. E., & Connor, A. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0013617 · Cited by 190 · see citing works

The role of negative interpretations of intrusive memories in depression

Starr, S., & Moulds, M. L. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.03.001 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

Childbirth and Posttraumatic Stress Responses

Olde, E., Kleber, R. J., van der Hart, O., & Pop, V. J. M. (2006) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.22.4.259 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

Vividness of general mental imagery is associated with the occurrence of intrusive memories

Morina, N., Leibold, E., & Ehring, T. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.11.004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

The effect of hypnotically induced somatoform dissociation on the development of intrusions after an aversive film

Hagenaars, M. A., van Minnen, A., Holmes, E. A., Brewin, C. R., & Hoogduin, K. A. L. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701575151 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

“I see what you’re saying”: Intrusive images from listening to a traumatic verbal report

Krans, J., Näring, G. W. B., Holmes, E. A., & Becker, E. S. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.09.009 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Motion Effects on Intrusion Development

Krans, J., Näring, G. W. B., Holmes, E. A., & Becker, E. S. (2010) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299730903318483 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Intrusive Imagery in Psychopathology: A Commentary

Moulds, M. L., & Holmes, E. A. (2011) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2011.4.2.197 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Introduction to the Special Issue: Intrusive Imagery in Psychopathology: New Research Findings, Implications for Theory and Treatment, and Future Directions

Krans, J. (2011) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2011.4.2.117 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Unconscious thought reduces intrusion development: A replication and extension

Krans, J., Janecko, D., & Bos, M. W. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.08.004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

The trauma film paradigm as an experimental psychopathology model of psychological trauma: intrusive memories and beyond

James, E. L., Lau-Zhu, A., Clark, I. A., Visser, R. M., Hagenaars, M. A., & Holmes, E. A. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.010 · Cited by 300 · see citing works

Intrusive memories of trauma: A target for research bridging cognitive science and its clinical application

Iyadurai, L., Visser, R. M., Lau-Zhu, A., Porcheret, K., Horsch, A., Holmes, E. A., & James, E. L. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.08.005 · Cited by 255 · see citing works

Mental imagery during daily life: Psychometric evaluation of the Spontaneous Use of Imagery Scale (SUIS)

Nelis, S., Holmes, E. A., Griffith, J. W., & Raes, F. (2014) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.ag · Cited by 122 · see citing works

Can't Get It Out Of My Mind: A Systematic Review of Predictors of Intrusive Memories of Distressing Events

Marks, E., Franklin, A., & Zoellner, L. (2018) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000132 · Cited by 100 · see citing works

Visual object imagery and autobiographical memory: Object Imagers are better at remembering their personal past

Vannucci, M., Pelagatti, C., Chiorri, C., & Mazzoni, G. A. L. (2015) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2015.1018277 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

Vividness of general mental imagery is associated with the occurrence of intrusive memories

Morina, N., Leibold, E., & Ehring, T. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.11.004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Low emotional response to traumatic footage is associated with an absence of analogue flashbacks: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 16 trauma film paradigm experiments

Clark, I. A., Mackay, C. E., & Holmes, E. A. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.926861 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Intrusive images and voluntary memory for affective pictures: Contextualization and dual-task interference

Krans, J., Langner, O., Reinecke, A., & Pearson, D. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.05.001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Workplace Trauma in a Digital Age: The Impact of Video Evidence of Violent Crime on Criminal Justice Professionals

Birze, A., Regehr, K., & Regehr, C. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221090571 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

The Curse of Imagery: Trait Object and Spatial Imagery Differentially Relate to Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Yeung, R. C., Sokolowski, H. M., Fan, C. L., Fernandes, M. A., & Levine, B. (2025) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026251315118 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

The Unintended Consequences of Disaster-Related Media Coverage

Lubens, P., & Holman, E. A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316481424.013 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Intrusive Imagery in Psychopathology: A Commentary

Moulds, M. L., & Holmes, E. A. (2011) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2011.4.2.197 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Introduction to the Special Issue: Intrusive Imagery in Psychopathology: New Research Findings, Implications for Theory and Treatment, and Future Directions

Krans, J. (2011) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2011.4.2.117 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Mental Imagery and Psychopathology: Examples of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Bipolar Disorder

Ng, R., Krans, J., & Holmes, E. A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5879-1_19 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

The self and involuntary memory: Identifying with the victim increases memory accessibility for stressful events

Krans, J. (2013) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2013.08.006 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Intrusive, involuntary memories in depression

Moulds, M. L., & Krans, J. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139626767.009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Unconscious thought reduces intrusion development: A replication and extension

Krans, J., Janecko, D., & Bos, M. W. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.08.004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

In the Mind’s Eye: Exploring the Relationship Between Visual Mental Imagery and Stereotyping

Eisenstadt, B. E., Spagna, A., & Stroessner, S. J. (2024) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683241273350 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Traumatic residue, mediated remembering and video evidence of sexual violence: A case study

Regehr, C., Regehr, K., & Birze, A. (2022) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2022.101778 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Reducing involuntary memory by interfering consolidation of stressful auditory information: A pilot study

Tabrizi, F., & Jansson, B. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.09.003 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Can Listening to a Verbal Trauma Report Induce Intrusions? – Replication of a Randomized Trial

Daniels, J. K., Thielemann, J. F. B., & Borg, C. (2024) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2024.2374369 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Special Topics

(2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316481424.011

Association between pre-trauma sleep disturbance and post-trauma intrusions: an analogue study

Kalleske, J., & Berle, D. (2026) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2026.2659022

“I see what you’re saying”: Intrusive images from listening to a traumatic verbal report

Krans, J., Näring, G. W. B., Holmes, E. A., & Becker, E. S. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.09.009 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Intrusive Memories and Modality-Specific Mental Imagery in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Jelinek, L., Randjbar, S., Kellner, M. B., Untiedt, A., Volkert, J., Muhtz, C., & Moritz, S. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/0044-3409/a000013 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Vividness of general mental imagery is associated with the occurrence of intrusive memories

Morina, N., Leibold, E., & Ehring, T. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.11.004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Intrusive, Emotional Mental Imagery and Trauma: Experimental and Clinical Clues

Holmes, E. A. (2003) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/hjg1-7uph-b3k0-p9h5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Words and images: the effects of verbalization and imagery on intrusions following traumaPreprint

Rupietta, A. E., Michael, T., Margraf, J., & Woud, M. L. (2026) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/ut5am_v4