The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Spirituality and Health: What We Know, What We Need to Know
Abstract
Spirituality and religion have been seen as beneficial, harmful, and irrelevant to health. We examine the recent research on this topic. We focus on (a) defining spirituality and religion both conceptually and operationally; (b) the relationships between spirituality/religion and health; and (c) priorities for future research. Although the effect sizes are moderate, there typically are links between religious practices and reduced onset of physical and mental illnesses, reduced mortality, and likelihood of recovery from or adjustment to physical and mental illness. The three mechanisms underlying these relationships involve religion increasing healthy behaviors, social support, and a sense of coherence or meaning. This research is based on religion measures, however, and it should be emphasized that spirituality may be different.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Religious Involvement and the Health of the Elderly: Some Hypotheses and an Initial Test
Idler, E. L. (1987) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2578909 · Cited by 486
Goldbourt, U., Yaari, S., & Medalie, J. H. (2008) · Cardiology · doi:10.1159/000175862 · Cited by 304
Does religious observance promote health? mortality in secular vs religious kibbutzim in Israel.
Kark, J. D., Shemi, G., Friedlander, Y., Martin, O., Manor, O., & Blondheim, S. H. (1996) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.86.3.341 · Cited by 226
Koenig, H. G., Hays, J. C., George, L. K., Blazer, D. G., Larson, D. B., & Landerman, L. R. (1997) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-199721520-00006 · Cited by 203
Self-citationHealth Practices and Cancer Mortality Among Active California Mormons
Enstrom, J. E. (1989) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/81.23.1807 · Cited by 144
CANCER IN UTAH MORMON MEN BY LAY PRIESTHOOD LEVEL
GARDNER, J. W., & LYON, J. L. (1982) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113409 · Cited by 69
Cited by
Spirituality, religion, and health: An emerging research field.
Miller, W. R., & Thoresen, C. E. (2003) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.58.1.24 · Cited by 1,437
Religion, self-regulation, and self-control: Associations, explanations, and implications.
McCullough, M. E., & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0014213 · Cited by 1,162
Self-citationSmith, T. B., McCullough, M. E., & Poll, J. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.614 · Cited by 1,150
Self-citationTARGET ARTICLE: Explaining the Relationships Between Religious Involvement and Health
George, L. K., Ellison, C. G., & Larson, D. B. (2002) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1303_04 · Cited by 847
Self-citationTowards clarification of the meaning of spirituality
Tanyi, R. A. (2002) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02315.x · Cited by 631
Metadata
- Authors
- George, L. K., Larson, D. B., Koenig, H. G., & McCullough, M. E.
- Venue
- Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Guilford Publications
- Published
- 2000-03
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 102-116
- ISSN
- 0736-7236 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2119159500
- Cited by
- 701
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 34.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Spirituality and Health: What We Know, What We Need to Know. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.102
- The paper
- George, L. K., Larson, D. B., Koenig, H. G., & McCullough, M. E. (2000). Spirituality and Health: What We Know, What We Need to Know. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.102
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.