Health Practices and Cancer Mortality Among Active California Mormons
Abstract
Religiously active Mormons in California are a nonsmoking population with unusually low risk for cancer. This finding is based on the results of our 1979 questionnaire survey of life-style and the 8-year (1980-1987) follow-up of mortality among 5,231 Mormon high priests and 4,613 wives 25-99 years of age. Our study, which is the first prospective cohort study of Mormons, shows low standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for this population, relative to those for whites in the general population in the United States, which are defined as 100. The SMRs for males are 47 for all cancers, 52 for cardiovascular diseases, and 47 for all causes; the SMRs for females are 72 for all cancers, 64 for cardiovascular diseases, and 66 for all causes. For middle-aged high priests adhering to three health practices (never smoking cigarettes, engaging in regular physical activity, and getting proper sleep), the SMRs are 34 for all cancers, 14 for cardiovascular diseases, and 22 for all causes. These results have been largely replicated in an active Mormon-like subgroup (white nonsmokers attending church weekly) from a representative sample of residents of Alameda County, CA. Our findings confirm and expand on previous descriptive studies of Mormons and demonstrate how these results can be generalized.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Of the 13 methodologically most rigorous studies, nine (69%) reported positive associations with R/S or positive effects of an R/S intervention (all involving Eastern meditation).
“Of the 13 methodologically most rigorous studies, nine (69%) reported positive associations with R/S [457–461] or positive effects of an R/S intervention (all involving Eastern meditation) [462–465].”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [464]
Cites
Social Relationships and Health
House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3399889 · Cited by 7,073 · see citing works
Physical Activity, All-Cause Mortality, and Longevity of College Alumni
Paffenbarger, R. S., Hyde, R., Wing, A. L., & Hsieh, C.-C. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198603063141003 · Cited by 2,742 · see citing works
Short and Long Sleep and Sleeping Pills: Is Increased Mortality Associated?
Kripke, D. F. (1979) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1979.01780010109014 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
SOCIAL NETWORK TIES AND MORTALITY AMONG TILE ELDERLY IN THE ALAMEDA COUNTY STUDY
Seeman, T. E., Kaplan, G. A., KNUDSEN, L., Cohen, R. D., & Guralnik, J. M. (1987) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114711 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Analysis of relative survival and proportional mortality
Monson, R. R. (1974) · Computers and Biomedical Research · doi:10.1016/0010-4809(74)90010-x · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Mortality among the elderly in the Alameda County Study: behavioral and demographic risk factors.
Kaplan, G. A., Seeman, T. E., Cohen, R. D., Knudsen, L. P., & Guralnik, J. M. (1987) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.77.3.307 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Levin, J. S., & Vanderpool, H. Y. (1987) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(87)90063-3 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Education and Mortality in Washington County, Maryland
Comstock, G. W., & Tonascia, J. (1977) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2955396 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Hammond, S. D. E. C. (1964) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/32.5.1161 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Cancer Incidence in Mormons and Non-Mormons in Utah, 1966-1970
Lyon, J. L., Klauber, M. R., Gardner, J. W., & Smart, C. R. (1983) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.33.5.309 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Cancer and total mortality among active mormons
Enstrom, J. E. (1978) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197810)42:4 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationCANCER IN UTAH MORMON MEN BY LAY PRIESTHOOD LEVEL
GARDNER, J. W., & LYON, J. L. (1982) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113409 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Enstrom, J. E., Kanim, L. E. A., & Breslow, L. (1986) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.76.9.1124 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationCancer Incidence in Mormons and Non-Mormons in Utah During 1967–75 1 2
Lyon, J., Gardner, J. W., & West, D. W. (1980) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/65.5.1055 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Cancer Mortality Among Mormons in California During 1968–75 1 2
Enstrom, J. E. (1980) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/65.5.1073 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationThe health of the clergy: A review of demographic literature
King, H., & Bailar, J. C. (1969) · Demography · doi:10.2307/2060098 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Progress and Objectives in Cancer Control
Breslow, L. (1988) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1988.03720110052034 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
American white Protestant clergy as a low-risk population for mortality research.
King, H., & Locke, F. B. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cancer among Seventh-Day Adventists.
Phillips, R. L. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Durie, B. G. M., & Salmon, S. E. (1975) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197509)36:3
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications
Koenig, H. G. (2012) · ISRN Psychiatry · doi:10.5402/2012/278730 · Cited by 2,423 · see citing works
“Of the 20 methodologically most rigorous studies, 12 (60%) found an association between R/S and lower risk or better outcomes [469–480], and none reported worse risk or outcomes.”
BackgroundHandbook of Religion and Health
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.001.0001 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works
Religious involvement and mortality: A meta-analytic review.
McCullough, M. E., Hoyt, W. T., Larson, D. B., Koenig, H. G., & Thoresen, C. E. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.3.211 · Cited by 1,088 · see citing works
Insomnia in the Context of Cancer: A Review of a Neglected Problem
Savard, J., & Morin, C. M. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2001.19.3.895 · Cited by 861 · see citing works
Spirituality and Health: What We Know, What We Need to Know
George, L. K., Larson, D. B., Koenig, H. G., & McCullough, M. E. (2000) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.102 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease
Roberts, C. K., & Barnard, R. J. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00852.2004 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Religiosity/Spirituality and Mortality
Chida, Y., Steptoe, A., & Powell, L. H. (2009) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000190791 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Rippentrop, E. A., ALTMAIER, E. M., Chen, J. J., Found, E. M., & Keffala, V. J. (2005) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.05.008 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Physical activity and cancer etiology: associations and mechanisms
McTiernan, A., Ulrich, C., Slate, S., & Potter, J. (1998) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1008853601471 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Limits to Human Life Expectancy: Evidence, Prospects, and Implications
Mantón, K. G., Stallard, E., & Tolley, H. D. (1991) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/1973599 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Claims about religious involvement and health outcomes
Sloan, R. P., & Bagiella, E. (2002) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2401_03 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Accuracy in Categorizing Perceptually Ambiguous Groups
Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868312461308 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Lifestyle and reduced mortality among active California Mormons, 1980–2004
Enstrom, J. E., & Breslow, L. (2008) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.07.030 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationFertility and post‐reproductive longevity
Smith, K. R., Mineau, G. P., & Bean, L. L. (2002) · Biodemography and Social Biology · doi:10.1080/19485565.2002.9989058 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Morin, C. M., Savard, J., Ouellet, M., & Daley, M. (2003) · Handbook of Psychology · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0914 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Religion, religiosity and spirituality in the biopsychosocial model of health and ageing
Cohen, A. B., & Koenig, H. G. (2003) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-002-1005-1 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Wannamethee, S. G., & Shaper, A. G. (1997) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/26.3.523 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Chang-Claude, J., Hermann, S., Eilber, U., & Steindorf, K. (2005) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0696 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Horne, B. D., Muhlestein, J. B., LAPPE, D. L., May, H. T., Carlquist, J. F., Galenko, O., Brunisholz, K. D., & Anderson, J. L. (2012) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2012.09.007 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Religion and Medicine IV: Religion, Physical Health, and Clinical Implications
Koenig, H. G. (2001) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/x28k-gday-75qv-g69n · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Religion and Medicine I: Historical Background and Reasons for Separation
Koenig, H. G. (2000) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/2rwb-3ae1-m1e5-tvhk · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Mortality Pattern of German Vegetarians after 11 Years of Follow-up
Chang-Claude, J., Frentzel‐Beyme, R., & Eilber, U. (1992) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199209000-00003 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Horne, B. D., Muhlestein, J. B., May, H. T., Carlquist, J. F., LAPPE, D. L., Bair, T. L., & Anderson, J. L. (2012) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.01.379 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
On the Perception of Religious Group Membership from Faces
Rule, N. O., Garrett, J. V., & Ambady, N. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014241 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Cancer incidence among Mormons and non-Mormons in Utah
Lyon, J. L., Gardner, K., & Gress, R. E. (1994) · Cited by 50 · see citing works
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND THE PRIMARY PREVENTION OF CANCER
Kiningham, R. B. (1998) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/s0095-4543(05)70080-4 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Nakachi, K., & Imai, K. (1992) · Japanese Journal of Cancer Research · doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.1992.tb01983.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease?
Wynn, V., Godsland, I. F., Walton, C., Astrup, A., Walker, A. R. P., Walker, B. F., Segal, I., Glatthaar, I. I., Capron, L., Elwood, P. C., et al. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)93418-o · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Nutrition, diet, physical activity, smoking, and longevity
Walker, A. R. P., Walker, B. F., & Adam, F. I. (2003) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00948-6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Luskin, F. (2000) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-200001000-00002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Sociodemographic Characteristics of Long-Lived and Healthy Individuals
Rogers, R. G. (1995) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/2137412 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Masters, K. S., & Hooker, S. A. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030813 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cancer incidence among Mormons and non-Mormons in Utah (United States) 1971–85
Lyon, J. L., Gardner, K., & Gress, R. E. (1994) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/bf01830261 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Religion and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Lapane, K. L., Lasater, T. M., Allan, C., & Carleton, R. A. (1997) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1023/a:1027444621177 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Experiences and attitudes about faith healing among family physicians.
King, D. E., Sobal, J., Haggerty, J., Dent, M., & Patton, D. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cancer incidence among Mormons and non-Mormons in Utah (United States) 1995–1999
Merrill, R. M., & Lyon, J. L. (2004) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.10.011 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Vegetarian diets and colon cancer: the German experience
Frentzel-Beyme, R., & Chang-Claude, J. (1994) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.5.1143s · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Nutrition and its relationship to aging
Casper, R. C. (1995) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/0531-5565(94)00044-4 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Walker, A. R. P., Walker, B. F., & Segal, I. (2004) · The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health · doi:10.1177/146642400312400112 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
What Fates Impose: Facing Up to Uncertainty
King, M. A. (2005) · British Academy eBooks · doi:10.5871/bacad/9780197263518.003.0014 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Religion and Adult Mortality: Group- and Individual-Level Perspectives
Idler, E. L. (2011) · International handbooks of population · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9996-9_17 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kim, K. H.-C., & Koenig, H. G. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543579.039 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bartholomew, C. L., Muhlestein, J. B., Anderson, J. L., May, H. T., Knowlton, K. U., Bair, T. L., Le, V. T., Bailey, B. W., & Horne, B. D. (2020) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa050 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Nutritional Challenges in the New South Africa
Walker, A. R. P. (1996) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1079/nrr19960005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The mormon health traditions: An evolving view of modern medicine
Simmerman, S. R. (1993) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/bf00995652 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lehrer, S. P., Green, S., Ramanathan, L. V., & Rosenzweig, K. E. (2013) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-013-0811-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Exercise and cancer: Linkages with obesity?
Shephard, R. J., & Freedson, P. S. (1996) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408399609527728 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Multidimensional Assessment of Religiousness/Spirituality and Health Behaviors in College Students
Hooker, S. A., Masters, K. S., & Carey, K. B. (2013) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2013.808870 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sounds of Silence: The Latter-Day Saints and Medical Ethics
Campbell, C. S. (1991) · Bioethics yearbook · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-3172-8_4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Merrill, R. M., Hilton, S. C., & Daniels, M. (2003) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(03)00063-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Adult mortality risks and religious affiliation:
Mineau, G. P., Smith, K. R., & Bean, L. L. (2004) · Annales de Démographie Historique · doi:10.3917/adh.108.0085 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Davis, S. Y., Sandberg, J. G., Bradford, A. B., & Larson, J. H. (2015) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315592049 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Developing Cultural Competence with Latter-Day Saint Clients: A Strengths-Based Perspective
Walton, E., Limb, G. E., & Hodge, D. R. (2011) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1606/1044-3894.4056 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Studies in Mormon history, 1830-1997: an indexed bibliography
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-0677 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Philippe, H., & Koenig, H. G. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511576843.001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Opportunities to improve quantitative risk assessment
Sielken, R. L., & Stevenson, D. E. (1997) · Human and Ecological Risk Assessment An International Journal · doi:10.1080/10807039709383701 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hennen, B. (1994) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pittman, D. J. (1996) · Contemporary Drug Problems · doi:10.1177/009145099602300305 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Prayer and health research: proxies, missed targets, and opportunities
Ladd, K. L., & Spilka, B. (2014) · Revista Pistis Praxis · doi:10.7213/revistapistispraxis.06.001.ds02 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The role of religious organizations in the HIV crisis of sub -Saharan Africa
Trinitapoli, J. A. (2007) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
What Are American Children Eating? Implications for Public Policy (Nutr Rev 1995;53:111-26)
Walker, A. R. P., Labadarios, D., & Saasa-Modise, M. L. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1995.tb01489.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A atividade física reduz o risco de câncer?
Ortega, E., Peters, C., Barriga, C., & Lötzerich, H. (1998) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86921998000300003 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Blood Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease: Changing Perspectives
Temple, N. J., & Walker, A. R. P. (1994) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107689408700807 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Moderating Influence of Religion on the Behavioral Health of Formerly Incarcerated Men
Pezzella, F. S., & Vlahos, S. (2014) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-014-9847-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nutritional and Non-Nutritional Factors for 'Healthy' Longevity
Walker, A. R. P., & Walker, B. F. (1993) · Journal of the Royal Society of Health · doi:10.1177/146642409311300206 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Understanding the Religion, Mental, and Social Health Relationship
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0016 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Some thoughts on the influence of attitude on health and ageing
Walker, A. R. P. (1996) · Journal of the Royal Society of Health · doi:10.1177/146642409611600503 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Goddio, A. S. (1991) · European Journal of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/bf00216895 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Assessing the influence of religion on health behavior
Creel, D. B. (2007) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.2389 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
(1998) · University of Toronto Press eBooks · doi:10.3138/9781442681200-002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Psychological Well-Being and Positive Emotions
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Religion, Spirituality, and Cardiovascular Disease
Masters, K. S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-85960-6_27 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mantón, K. G. (2014) · Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online · doi:10.1002/9781118445112.stat05265 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Is Periodic Fasting Really Good for Reducing Cardiovascular Risk and Improving Heart health?
Horne, B. D. (2011) · Future Cardiology · doi:10.2217/fca.11.50 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nutritionally Related Disorders/Diseases in Africans
Walker, A. R. P. (1997) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5967-2_1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0014 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0015 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mormonism, Medicine, and Bioethics
Campbell, C. S. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197538524.001.0001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0027 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Public Health and Human Flourishing
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0032 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Understanding the Religion–Physical Health Relationship
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0031 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
What Positive Psychologists and Mormons Can Learn From Each Other
Hunter, E. V. (2013) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Swart, M. J., Zyl, G. J. V., & den Berg, J. A. V. (2016) · Acta Theologica · doi:10.4314/actat.v35i2.8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nutritional risk factors for coronary heart disease in South African medical students
MacIntyre, U. E., Glatthaar, I. I., Elias, J., & Walker, A. R. P. (1998) · Ecology of Food and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/03670244.1998.9991555 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mantón, K. G. (2005) · Encyclopedia of Biostatistics · doi:10.1002/0470011815.b2a07009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fieldhouse, P. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-3256-3_6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.002.0003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Life improvements in developed and developing populations
Walker, A. R. P., & Walker, B. F. (2005) · Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1080/10158782.2005.11441246
Religious Participation Effects on Mental and Physical Health
Nolan, J. A. (2006) · eCommons (Cornell University)
Appetite and Nutrition With Aging
Casper, R. C. (1996) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19960201-04
Self-Rated Health and Community/Social Relations
Kingsford, R. L. (2021) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/88a1-3bb5
- Authors
- Enstrom, J. E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Enstrom, J. E.
- Venue
- JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1989-12-06
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 1807-1814
- ISSN
- 0027-8874 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2105
- OpenAlex
- W2132371531
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2023: 41 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA-00748)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Mormonism, Religion, and History
- Keywords
- cancer mortality, physical activity, sleep, cardiovascular mortality, standardized mortality ratio, religious adherence, lifestyle factors, high priest
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, California, Cardiovascular Diseases, Christianity, Humans, Life Style, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Prospective Studies, Smoking, Cohort Studies, Health Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
