The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 66 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation
Open accessAbstract
The neurobehavioral effects of 24 hr of total sleep deprivation (SD) on working memory in young healthy adults was studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Two tasks, one testing maintenance and the other manipulation and maintenance, were used. After SD, response times for both tasks were significantly slower. Performance was better preserved in the more complex task. Both tasks activated a bilateral, left hemisphere-dominant frontal-parietal network of brain regions reflecting the engagement of verbal working memory. In both states, manipulation elicited more extensive and bilateral (L>R) frontal, parietal, and thalamic activation. After SD, there was reduced blood oxygenation level-dependent signal response in the medial parietal region with both tasks. Reduced deactivation of the anterior medial frontal and posterior cingulate regions was observed with both tasks. Finally, there was disproportionately greater activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and bilateral thalamus when manipulation was required. This pattern of changes in activation and deactivation bears similarity to that observed when healthy elderly adults perform similar tasks. Our data suggest that reduced activation and reduced deactivation could underlie cognitive impairment after SD and that increased prefrontal and thalamic activation may represent compensatory adaptations. The additional left frontal activation elicited after SD is postulated to be task dependent and contingent on task complexity. Our findings provide neural correlates to explain why task performance in relatively more complex tasks is better preserved relative to simpler ones after SD.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
After 24 hr of total sleep deprivation, healthy young adults showed slower working-memory response times and reduced medial parietal activation, alongside reduced deactivation in anterior medial frontal and posterior cingulate regions. More complex manipulation recruited disproportionately greater left dorsolateral prefrontal and bilateral thalamic activation after sleep deprivation, which the authors interpret as possible compensation.
Key findings
- Sleep deprivation increased subjective sleepiness (ESS, 4.1 ± 4.1 to 17.1 ± 4.0; p < 0.001) and slowed response times for both maintenance (LTR: 825 ± 80 to 883 ± 110 msec; p < 0.05) and manipulation-plus-maintenance (PLUS: 786 ± 119 to 860 ± 144 msec; p < 0.05).
- Accuracy declined after sleep deprivation for LTR (0.959 ± 0.049 to 0.902 ± 0.097; p < 0.05) but not for PLUS (0.957 ± 0.055 to 0.926 ± 0.086), and omitted responses increased for LTR (0.2 ± 0.5% to 4.0 ± 6.3%; p < 0.05) but not PLUS.
- Both tasks activated a bilateral, left-hemisphere-dominant frontal-parietal network; manipulation elicited more extensive bilateral frontal, parietal, and thalamic activation than maintenance in both states.
- After sleep deprivation, both tasks showed reduced BOLD signal in medial parietal/precuneus regions and reduced deactivation in anterior medial frontal and posterior cingulate regions; manipulation after sleep deprivation produced disproportionately greater left dorsolateral prefrontal and bilateral thalamic activation.
Methods
- Fourteen right-handed healthy undergraduate volunteers (five women; mean age 23 years; range 19–24) were scanned twice, once during rested wakefulness and once after 24 hr of total sleep deprivation, with sessions 1 week apart and order counterbalanced.
- Two verbal working-memory tasks were used: LTR tested maintenance, and PLUS tested manipulation plus maintenance; each had a matched perceptual-motor control condition.
- fMRI data were acquired on a 3T scanner and analyzed with a general linear model, random-effects whole-brain voxel-by-voxel contrasts, and region-of-interest analyses; whole-brain contrasts used p < 0.005 uncorrected with a nine-contiguous-voxel cluster threshold. One subject’s in-scanner data were lost because of a technical error.
Limitations
- The paper does not include a formal limitations section; it states that short-term total sleep deprivation is artificial and that the experiments were relatively short because the benefit of task complexity is often temporary.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (14 participants, with one subject’s in-scanner data lost), limited to young healthy right-handed undergraduates, and the sleep-deprivation manipulation was acute rather than chronic.
- Evident from the text: some whole-brain state-by-task interaction findings were reported at a less stringent threshold of p < 0.005 uncorrected, although the left dorsolateral prefrontal interaction was confirmed with ROI analysis (F(1,12) = 17.4; p < 0.001).
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42 Own result · 37 Not checked yet · 17 Own interpretation · 3 Own method · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects reported a greater subjective sense of sleepiness after SD, reflected by the increase in ESS (t (13) ϭ 9.4; p Ͻ 0.001) (Table 1).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Behavioral results
plaindirectn = 14 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After SD, there was reduced blood oxygenation level-dependent signal response in the medial parietal region with both tasks.”
- Also stated in: § Activation after SD in comparison with RW · plain
“Voxel-by-voxel analysis showed that after SD, both LTR and PLUS elicited a smaller task-related BOLD signal in the parietal region (bilateral BA 7; inclusive of the precuneus) than during RW (Fig. 4).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
- Also stated in: § Activation after SD in comparison with RW · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The variability of RTs during SRT was greater after SD (t (13) ϭ 2.2; p Ͻ 0.05), although there was no difference in mean RTs across states.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Behavioral results
plainn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both tasks activated a bilateral, left hemisphere-dominant frontal-parietal network of brain regions reflecting the engagement of verbal working memory.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During RW, LTR elicited bilateral, left hemisphere-dominant activation in the prefrontal [Brodmann's area (BA) 9/46] and precentral (BA 6) regions, insula (BA 13), and thalamus (Fig. 2.).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation during RW
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, there was disproportionately greater activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and bilateral thalamus when manipulation was required.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No region was more active in LTR compared with PLUS.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation during RW
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant decline in performance accuracy after SD for LTR (t (12) ϭ 2.7; p Ͻ 0.05), but not for PLUS.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Behavioral results
plaindirectn = 14 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both states, manipulation elicited more extensive and bilateral (LϾR) frontal, parietal, and thalamic activation.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant decline in performance accuracy after SD for LTR (t (12) ϭ 2.7; p Ͻ 0.05), but not for PLUS.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Behavioral results
plainn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ROI analysis of activation in the thalamus showed main effects of state (F (1,13) ϭ 6.8; p Ͻ 0.05) and task (F (1,13) ϭ 11.6; p Ͻ 0.005).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation after SD in comparison with RW
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study showed that after SD, increased as well as decreased cortical activation and decreased deactivation occurred relative to activation elicited during RW.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there was a trend suggestive of a state-by-task interaction, this did not reach statistical significance (F (1,13) ϭ 2.3; p Ͻ 0.15) (Fig. 6).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation after SD in comparison with RW
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither of these areas showed a significant state-by-task interaction.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation after SD in comparison with RW
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To confirm that these results were not spurious, the results of the ROI analysis based on the individual subject's data showed significant state-by-task interaction (F (1,12) ϭ 17.4; p Ͻ 0.001) in addition to main effects of state (F (1,12) ϭ 6.6; p Ͻ 0.05) and task (F (1,12) ϭ 38.0; p Ͻ 0.001) (Fig. 5).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation after SD in comparison with RW
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The order of scanning was counterbalanced across subjects to reduce the potential influence of practice, learning, and order effects on cortical activation.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Materials and Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The experiments were relatively short because the benefit of task complexity is often temporary.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilkinson, 1965
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The control condition was designed to match for perceptual and motor responses.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The two scanning sessions were conducted 1 week apart to minimize the possibility of residual effects of SD affecting cognition of volunteers who underwent a SD scan before a RW scan (Van Dongen et al., 2003).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Materials and Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Dongen et al., 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Subjective difficulty may have been excluded as a potential source of divergent imaging results (Drummond and Brown, 2001), but this assertion has not been tested explicitly.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drummond and Brown, 2001
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Even within a particular cognitive domain, frontal activation may increase with task difficulty up to a point and then decrease (Callicott et al., 1999), reflecting an overwhelming of processing capacity, a loss of motivation (Jaeggi et al., 2003), or both.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Callicott et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Jaeggi et al., 2003
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The additional left frontal activation elicited after SD is postulated to be task dependent and contingent on task complexity.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Short-term total SD, although artificial (chronic SD is more common and has greater general relevance), affords better experimental control.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To verify that the task by state interaction observed in the left prefrontal region at a slightly lenient threshold of p Ͻ 0.005 was not spurious, we performed a functional ROI analysis of activation in this region by obtaining parameter estimates of the individual subject's activation within the region of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (corresponding to the middle frontal gyrus).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, frontal and parietal activation after SD has been shown to increase in experiments involving verbal learning (Drummond et al., 2000(Drummond et al., , 2001)), decrease in experiments involving serial subtraction (Drummond et al., 1999;Thomas et al., 2000), or show no change in an experiment testing attention (Portas et al., 1998).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drummond et al., 2000
- Not checked yetcites Drummond et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Portas et al., 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thalamic activation is also modulated by an increase in sustained attention (Kinomura et al., 1996;Coull, 1998), and it is conceivable that either or both these mechanisms could contribute to the task-related difference in thalamic activation observed here.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Task-related differences in activation and deactivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kinomura et al., 1996
- Not checked yetcites Coull, 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The present findings are consistent with the notion that these regions are disengaged during the performance of cognitive tasks and that the magnitude of deactivation may increase in accordance with processing demands (McKiernan et al., 2003).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Task-related differences in activation and deactivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McKiernan et al., 2003
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Prior working-memory experiments have demonstrated thalamic activation in association with increased working memory demand (Barch et al., 1997;Callicott et al., 1999;Manoach et al., 2003).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Task-related differences in activation and deactivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barch et al., 1997
- Not checked yetcites Callicott et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Manoach et al., 2003
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This region has been activated in several previous experiments examining working memory (Schumacher et al., 1996;Cabeza et al., 2002) and may be involved in retrieval operations specific to working memory (Cabeza et al., 2002).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Relative reduction in parietal activation after SD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schumacher et al., 1996
- Not checked yetcites Cabeza et al., 2002
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Healthy volunteers with a higher memory span showed greater activation in this region relative to those with a lower memory span (Mecklinger et al., 2003).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Relative reduction in parietal activation after SD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mecklinger et al., 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In using this framework, we are cognizant that, under different contexts, increases in task-related regional cortical activation may relate to more (Gray et al., 2003;Mecklinger et al., 2003) or less (Reuter-Lorenz, 2002;Cabeza et al., 2004) efficient processing.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gray et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Mecklinger et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Reuter-Lorenz, 2002
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In tasks that the elderly can perform (Grady et al., 1994;Esposito et al., 1999;Madden et al., 1999;Rypma and D'Esposito, 2000;Cabeza et al., 2004), frontal activation is often increased and frequently bilateral.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grady et al., 1994
- Not checked yetcites Esposito et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Cabeza et al., 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, such reduction in occipital activation has been observed (but not highlighted) in at least three previous studies (Drummond et al., 1999(Drummond et al., , 2001;;Habeck et al., 2004).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drummond et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Drummond et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Habeck et al., 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A relative reduction of occipital lobe activation (Grady et al., 1994;Madden et al., 1996;Cabeza et al., 1997) has been observed in the elderly, and this finding appears to be task independent (Cabeza et al., 2004).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grady et al., 1994
- Not checked yetcites Madden et al., 1996
- Not checked yetcites Cabeza et al., 2004
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This framework of interpreting functional imaging results has been applied to studies on healthy aging (Reuter-Lorenz, 2002;Cabeza et al., 2004).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Reuter-Lorenz, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Cabeza et al., 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that the engagement of compensatory neural responses may be contingent on the use of specific mental operations or strategies.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“An informative illustration: when encoding words without specific instruction, elderly volunteers exhibited reduced frontal activation and poor memory retrieval.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Logan et al., 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both SD and healthy aging result in a decline in working memory (Harrison et al., 2000).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harrison et al., 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the three types of activity modulation observed in young SD individuals have parallels in healthy elderly adults, speaking to the possibility that common mechanisms may underlie cognitive decline in both conditions”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, when provided with environmental support to facilitate encoding, the elderly volunteers showed a nonselective (bilateral) increase in frontal activation and correspondingly improved mnemonic performance relative to their younger counterparts (Logan et al., 2002).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Logan et al., 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
“The time course of the blood oxygenation leveldependent (BOLD) response in each activated or deactivated region was inspected manually to verify the classification of activity change.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample of 14 healthy young adults is representative of the broader population of healthy young adults.
“Fourteen right-handed, healthy undergraduate volunteers (five women; mean age, 23 years; range, 19 -24) participated in the study after giving informed consent.”
The paper relies on this without support.
BOLD signal is comparable across subjects and scanning sessions after normalization.
“Mean intensity normalization was performed to obtain the same average intensity for each slice across scans.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“One neuroimaging study revealed that, although sleep deprivation resulted in longer response times on both simple and complex tasks of working memory, performance was only reduced on the simple working memory task; performance on the complex task remained intact following sleep deprivation due to greater compensation by the prefrontal and thalamic brain regions (Chee and Choo 2004).”
From Sleep Problems Across Development: A Pathway to Adolescent Risk Taking Through Working Memory (2015) · cites this paper as Chee and Choo 2004
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Metadata
- Authors
- Chee, M. W. L., & Choo, W. C.
- Affiliations
- SingHealth (SG)
- ORCID
- Chee, Michael W. L.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2004-05-12
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 4560-4567
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6729385
- OpenAlex
- W2110930020
- Semantic Scholar
- 0de1319030be64b650fa4755da747f82ac3cbf87
- Cited by
- 509
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 25.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- National Medical Research Council
- Biomedical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- total sleep deprivation, working memory, verbal working memory, frontoparietal network, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, thalamus, task complexity, cognitive impairment, healthy young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Parietal Lobe, Reaction Time, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Stages, Task Performance and Analysis, Thalamus, Wakefulness, Prefrontal Cortex
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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