A Parametric Manipulation of Factors Affecting Task-induced Deactivation in Functional Neuroimaging
Abstract
Task-induced deactivation (TID) refers to a regional decrease in blood flow during an active task relative to a “resting” or “passive” baseline. We tested the hypothesis that TID results from a reallocation of processing resources by parametrically manipulating task difficulty within three factors: target discriminability, stimulus presentation rate, and short-term memory load. Subjects performed an auditory target detection task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), responding to a single target tone or, in the short-term memory load conditions, to target sequences. Seven task conditions (a common version and two additional levels for each of the three factors) were each alternated with “rest” in a block design. Analysis of covariance identified brain regions in which TID occurred. Analyses of variance identified seven regions (left anterior cingulate/superior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, right anterior cingulate gyrus, left and right posterior cingulate gyrus, left posterior parieto-occipital cortex, and right precuneus) in which TID magnitude varied across task levels within a factor. Follow-up tests indicated that for each of the three factors, TID magnitude increased with task difficulty. These results suggest that TID represents reallocation of processing resources from areas in which TID occurs to areas involved in task performance. Short-term memory load and stimulus rate also predict suppression of spontaneous thought, and many of the brain areas showing TID have been linked with semantic processing, supporting claims that TID may be due in part to suspension of spontaneous semantic processes that occur during “rest” (Binder et al., 1999). The concept that the typical “resting state” is actually a condition characterized by rich cognitive activity has important implications for the design and analysis of neuroimaging studies.
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These drivers may suppress off-task and self-focused attention, buffering learners from obstacles to optimal performance.
“Furthermore, these drivers may suppress off-task and self-focused attention, buffering learners from these obstacles to optimal performance (McKiernan, Kaufman, Kucera-Thompson, & Binder, 2003).”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as McKiernan, Kaufman, Kucera-Thompson, & Binder, 2003
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- Authors
- McKiernan, K. A., Kaufman, J. N., Kucera-Thompson, J., & Binder, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 2003-04-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 394-408
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2169605136
- Cited by
- 1,080
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 76
- FWCI
- 14.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (P01MH051358, P0 MH51358)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS033576)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000058)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- task-induced deactivation, resting state, task difficulty, stimulus presentation rate, auditory target detection, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, anterior cingulate cortex, semantic processing
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Auditory Perception, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Mental Processes, Middle Aged
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