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Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation
Open accessAbstract
The neurobehavioral effects of 24 hr of total sleep deprivation (SD) on working memory in young healthy adults was studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Two tasks, one testing maintenance and the other manipulation and maintenance, were used. After SD, response times for both tasks were significantly slower. Performance was better preserved in the more complex task. Both tasks activated a bilateral, left hemisphere-dominant frontal-parietal network of brain regions reflecting the engagement of verbal working memory. In both states, manipulation elicited more extensive and bilateral (L>R) frontal, parietal, and thalamic activation. After SD, there was reduced blood oxygenation level-dependent signal response in the medial parietal region with both tasks. Reduced deactivation of the anterior medial frontal and posterior cingulate regions was observed with both tasks. Finally, there was disproportionately greater activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and bilateral thalamus when manipulation was required. This pattern of changes in activation and deactivation bears similarity to that observed when healthy elderly adults perform similar tasks. Our data suggest that reduced activation and reduced deactivation could underlie cognitive impairment after SD and that increased prefrontal and thalamic activation may represent compensatory adaptations. The additional left frontal activation elicited after SD is postulated to be task dependent and contingent on task complexity. Our findings provide neural correlates to explain why task performance in relatively more complex tasks is better preserved relative to simpler ones after SD.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
After 24 hr of total sleep deprivation, healthy young adults showed slower working-memory response times and reduced medial parietal activation, alongside reduced deactivation in anterior medial frontal and posterior cingulate regions. More complex manipulation recruited disproportionately greater left dorsolateral prefrontal and bilateral thalamic activation after sleep deprivation, which the authors interpret as possible compensation.
Key findings
- Sleep deprivation increased subjective sleepiness (ESS, 4.1 ± 4.1 to 17.1 ± 4.0; p < 0.001) and slowed response times for both maintenance (LTR: 825 ± 80 to 883 ± 110 msec; p < 0.05) and manipulation-plus-maintenance (PLUS: 786 ± 119 to 860 ± 144 msec; p < 0.05).
- Accuracy declined after sleep deprivation for LTR (0.959 ± 0.049 to 0.902 ± 0.097; p < 0.05) but not for PLUS (0.957 ± 0.055 to 0.926 ± 0.086), and omitted responses increased for LTR (0.2 ± 0.5% to 4.0 ± 6.3%; p < 0.05) but not PLUS.
- Both tasks activated a bilateral, left-hemisphere-dominant frontal-parietal network; manipulation elicited more extensive bilateral frontal, parietal, and thalamic activation than maintenance in both states.
- After sleep deprivation, both tasks showed reduced BOLD signal in medial parietal/precuneus regions and reduced deactivation in anterior medial frontal and posterior cingulate regions; manipulation after sleep deprivation produced disproportionately greater left dorsolateral prefrontal and bilateral thalamic activation.
Methods
- Fourteen right-handed healthy undergraduate volunteers (five women; mean age 23 years; range 19–24) were scanned twice, once during rested wakefulness and once after 24 hr of total sleep deprivation, with sessions 1 week apart and order counterbalanced.
- Two verbal working-memory tasks were used: LTR tested maintenance, and PLUS tested manipulation plus maintenance; each had a matched perceptual-motor control condition.
- fMRI data were acquired on a 3T scanner and analyzed with a general linear model, random-effects whole-brain voxel-by-voxel contrasts, and region-of-interest analyses; whole-brain contrasts used p < 0.005 uncorrected with a nine-contiguous-voxel cluster threshold. One subject’s in-scanner data were lost because of a technical error.
Limitations
- The paper does not include a formal limitations section; it states that short-term total sleep deprivation is artificial and that the experiments were relatively short because the benefit of task complexity is often temporary.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (14 participants, with one subject’s in-scanner data lost), limited to young healthy right-handed undergraduates, and the sleep-deprivation manipulation was acute rather than chronic.
- Evident from the text: some whole-brain state-by-task interaction findings were reported at a less stringent threshold of p < 0.005 uncorrected, although the left dorsolateral prefrontal interaction was confirmed with ROI analysis (F(1,12) = 17.4; p < 0.001).
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42 Own result · 37 Not checked yet · 17 Own interpretation · 3 Own method · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects reported a greater subjective sense of sleepiness after SD, reflected by the increase in ESS (t (13) ϭ 9.4; p Ͻ 0.001) (Table 1).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Behavioral results
plaindirectn = 14 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After SD, there was reduced blood oxygenation level-dependent signal response in the medial parietal region with both tasks.”
- Also stated in: § Activation after SD in comparison with RW · plain
“Voxel-by-voxel analysis showed that after SD, both LTR and PLUS elicited a smaller task-related BOLD signal in the parietal region (bilateral BA 7; inclusive of the precuneus) than during RW (Fig. 4).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Abstract
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
- Also stated in: § Activation after SD in comparison with RW · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The variability of RTs during SRT was greater after SD (t (13) ϭ 2.2; p Ͻ 0.05), although there was no difference in mean RTs across states.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Behavioral results
plainn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both tasks activated a bilateral, left hemisphere-dominant frontal-parietal network of brain regions reflecting the engagement of verbal working memory.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During RW, LTR elicited bilateral, left hemisphere-dominant activation in the prefrontal [Brodmann's area (BA) 9/46] and precentral (BA 6) regions, insula (BA 13), and thalamus (Fig. 2.).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation during RW
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, there was disproportionately greater activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and bilateral thalamus when manipulation was required.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No region was more active in LTR compared with PLUS.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation during RW
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant decline in performance accuracy after SD for LTR (t (12) ϭ 2.7; p Ͻ 0.05), but not for PLUS.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Behavioral results
plaindirectn = 14 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both states, manipulation elicited more extensive and bilateral (LϾR) frontal, parietal, and thalamic activation.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant decline in performance accuracy after SD for LTR (t (12) ϭ 2.7; p Ͻ 0.05), but not for PLUS.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Behavioral results
plainn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects omitted more responses after SD for LTR (t (12) ϭ 2.4; p Ͻ 0.05) but not for PLUS.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Behavioral results
plaindirectn = 14 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“In both parietal lobes, activation in the inferior parietal (BA 40) region extended medially into the precuneus (BA 7).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation during RW
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The variability of RTs during SRT was greater after SD (t (13) ϭ 2.2; p Ͻ 0.05), although there was no difference in mean RTs across states.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Behavioral results
plaindirectn = 14 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PLUS elicited more extensive activation of the same set of areas activated by LTR.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation during RW
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During RW, cortical deactivation was greater for PLUS compared with LTR (Fig. 3).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation during RW
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Performance was better preserved in the more complex task.”
- Also stated in: § Behavioral results · plain
“There was a significant decline in performance accuracy after SD for LTR (t (12) ϭ 2.7; p Ͻ 0.05), but not for PLUS.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Abstract
plainn = 14 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Behavioral results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reduced deactivation of the anterior medial frontal and posterior cingulate regions was observed with both tasks.”
- Also stated in: § Activation after SD in comparison with RW · plain
“Reduced deactivation after SD was observed in the anterior medial frontal (BA 10) and left posterior cingulate (BA 31) regions in voxel-by-voxel contrasts (Fig. 3; Table 3).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
- Also stated in: § Activation after SD in comparison with RW · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Areas that were activated to a greater extent in PLUS compared with LTR were the left prefrontal region around the middle frontal gyrus (BA 9/46), left inferior parietal lobule (BA 39/40), left insula (BA 13), and bilateral thalamus (Fig. 2; Table 2).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation during RW
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After SD, RTs to the common control condition did not increase as a function of time-on-task, suggesting that interest was maintained.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Behavioral results
plainn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After SD, LTR and PLUS elicited activation in regions overlapping with those during RW (Fig. 2; Table 2).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation after SD in comparison with RW
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After SD, response times for both tasks were significantly slower.”
- Also stated in: § Behavioral results · plain
“The RT was slower for both LTR (t (12) ϭ 2.2; p Ͻ 0.05) and PLUS (t (12) ϭ 2.5; p Ͻ 0.05) after SD.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Abstract
plaindirectn = 14 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Behavioral results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects omitted more responses after SD for LTR (t (12) ϭ 2.4; p Ͻ 0.05) but not for PLUS.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Behavioral results
plainn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prefrontal activation in response to LTR was not significantly different after SD (Fig. 4).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation after SD in comparison with RW
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Consistent with the findings of previous behavioral studies, we found that higher task complexity results in better preserved performance.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Discussion
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In the paper
“Additionally, we observed greater left dorsomedial thalamus activation with PLUS.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Task-related differences in activation and deactivation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, ROI-based analyses showed significant main effects of task and state in the anterior medial frontal (task: F (1,13) ϭ 36.3, p Ͻ 0.001; state: F (1,13) ϭ 12.8, p Ͻ 0.005) and posterior cingulate (task: F (1,13) ϭ 116.3, p Ͻ 0.001; state: F (1,13) ϭ 4.6, p Ͻ 0.05) regions.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation after SD in comparison with RW
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, thalamic activation for both tasks was further increased after SD.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > An interaction between state and task effects may result in modulation of frontal and thalamic activation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As expected, PLUS elicited greater prefrontal and parietal activation than LTR in both states in accordance with the notion that manipulation engages additional processing resources relative to maintenance when working memory load is not excessive (Owen et al., 1996;D'Esposito et al., 1999;Postle et al., 1999;Veltman et al., 2003).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Task-related differences in activation and deactivation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We note that thalamic activation was greater for PLUS compared with LTR during wakefulness.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > An interaction between state and task effects may result in modulation of frontal and thalamic activation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, ROI-based analyses showed significant main effects of task and state in the anterior medial frontal (task: F (1,13) ϭ 36.3, p Ͻ 0.001; state: F (1,13) ϭ 12.8, p Ͻ 0.005) and posterior cingulate (task: F (1,13) ϭ 116.3, p Ͻ 0.001; state: F (1,13) ϭ 4.6, p Ͻ 0.05) regions.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation after SD in comparison with RW
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The RT was inversely correlated with deactivation (r ϭ 0.57; p Ͻ 0.05) in the anterior medial frontal region (Fig. 3).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation after SD in comparison with RW
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dynamic nature of cognitive dysfunction after SD is highlighted by the observation that performance was relatively better preserved with the more complex task, whereas in the case of a structural lesion of the frontal lobes, greater task complexity would be expected to accentuate cognitive deficits.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > An interaction between state and task effects may result in modulation of frontal and thalamic activation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The anticipated state-by-task interaction was observed in a random-effects analysis, at a less stringent threshold of p Ͻ 0.005.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation after SD in comparison with RW
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Deactivation, referring to a reduction of BOLD signal during task performance relative to the baseline (Gusnard and Raichle, 2001), was more pronounced with the more complex task in both states.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Task-related differences in activation and deactivation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present study, SD resulted in reduced activation of bilateral parietal regions slightly medial to the midportion of the intraparietal sulcus.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Relative reduction in parietal activation after SD
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The RT did not correlate with BOLD signal change in the left dorsolateral prefrontal, posterior cingulate, and parietal regions or thalamus.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation after SD in comparison with RW
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These state-related changes in activation involved several brain regions in addition to the frontal lobes.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A larger post-SD increase in BOLD signal was observed in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (around the middle frontal gyrus; BA 9), relative to that obtained during RW.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation after SD in comparison with RW
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the inverse relationship between magnitude of deactivation and RT suggests that at a particular level of task complexity, greater deactivation may be related to more efficient task performance.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Task-related differences in activation and deactivation
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accompanying the modest performance decline in both tasks after SD, there was a reduction in task-related deactivation relative to that elicited during RW for both tasks (Fig. 3).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Relative reduction of deactivation in midline frontal regions after SD
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We observed relatively trivial reduction in occipital deactivation after SD in the present study.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a reduction in thalamic activation after SD has been associated with performance decline (Thomas et al., 2000).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thomas et al., 2000
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After SD, RTs to the common control condition did not increase as a function of time-on-task, suggesting that interest was maintained.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Behavioral results
hedgedn = 14- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We chose to study working memory because neuropsychological (Horne, 1988;Wimmer et al., 1992;Harrison and Horne, 1998) and EEG studies (Werth et al., 1997;Cajochen et al., 1999) suggest that physiological changes taking place in the frontal lobes after SD contribute significantly to cognitive decline.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Horne, 1988
- Not checked yetcites Wimmer et al., 1992
- Not checked yetcites Harrison and Horne, 1998
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“We found that task complexity and state interact to modulate brain activation in a manner resembling comparisons between task-related cortical activation in healthy young adults and healthy elderly volunteers.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harrison et al., 2000
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, frontal lobe dysfunction alone cannot account for why performance is relatively preserved with moderately complex tasks (Wilkinson, 1965;Hockey et al., 1998;Linde et al., 1999;Harrison and Horne, 2000) but is degraded with simpler tasks (Kjellberg, 1975;Gillberg and Akerstedt, 1998).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilkinson, 1965
- Not checked yetcites Hockey et al., 1998
- Not checked yetcites Linde et al., 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and that increased prefrontal and thalamic activation may represent compensatory adaptations.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We chose to evaluate a single cognitive domain because divergent results have been obtained from existing functional imaging studies relating to SD, depending on the cognitive domain tested.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drummond et al., 2000
- Not checked yetcites Drummond et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Portas et al., 1998
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings provide neural correlates to explain why task performance in relatively more complex tasks is better preserved relative to simpler ones after SD.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In turn, this suggests that some adaptive mechanisms for cognitive processing under conditions of diminished processing resources (Craik, 1986) may be common between SD and aging (Harrison et al., 2000).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Craik, 1986
- Not checked yetcites Harrison et al., 2000
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This pair of findings suggests that increased sustained attention, reflected by increased thalamic activity, may contribute to maintaining cognitive performance when arousal is low, such as is the case after SD (Kinomura et al., 1996;Portas et al., 1998).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > An interaction between state and task effects may result in modulation of frontal and thalamic activation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kinomura et al., 1996
- Not checked yetcites Portas et al., 1998
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although there are some divergent results across functional imaging studies of SD, there appears to be a consistent association between reduced activation and a decline in behavioral performance (Drummond et al., 1999(Drummond et al., , 2000;;Thomas et al., 2000;Habeck et al., 2004).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Relative reduction in parietal activation after SD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drummond et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Thomas et al., 2000
- Not checked yetcites Habeck et al., 2004
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is, therefore, reasonable to suggest that reduced activation in this region may relate to performance decline in SD.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Relative reduction in parietal activation after SD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given previous observations concerning the significance of task-related cortical deactivation, we posit that the present findings signify that after SD, there is diminished capacity to recruit cognitive resources required to engage in goal-directed behavior.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Relative reduction of deactivation in midline frontal regions after SD
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the inverse relationship between magnitude of deactivation and RT suggests that at a particular level of task complexity, greater deactivation may be related to more efficient task performance.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Task-related differences in activation and deactivation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the context of SD, less impaired word recall correlated with greater activation in the parietal lobes (Drummond et al., 2000;Drummond and Brown, 2001).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Relative reduction in parietal activation after SD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drummond et al., 2000
- Not checked yetcites Drummond and Brown, 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the additional engagement of the frontal lobes after SD may be contingent on sufficient task complexity.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > An interaction between state and task effects may result in modulation of frontal and thalamic activation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that task complexity and state interact to modulate brain activation in a manner resembling comparisons between task-related cortical activation in healthy young adults and healthy elderly volunteers.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
In the paper
“In this regard, the frontal lobes may exercise top-down effects on thalamic activation (Coull, 1998).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > An interaction between state and task effects may result in modulation of frontal and thalamic activation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Coull, 1998
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We further suggested that the disproportionate (relative to RW) increase in frontal activation in the PLUS task performed during SD is compensatory in nature.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The deactivated posterior cingulate and anterior medial frontal regions we observed are part of a”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Task-related differences in activation and deactivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gusnard et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Gusnard and Raichle, 2001
- Not checked yetcites McKiernan et al., 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This notion is concordant with studies showing that moderately complex tasks are relatively unaffected by SD, perhaps because they can engage attention better than simpler tasks (Harrison and Horne, 2000).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > An interaction between state and task effects may result in modulation of frontal and thalamic activation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harrison and Horne, 2000
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In support of this postulate, the magnitude of task-related midline frontal deactivation was reduced in healthy elderly volunteers in whom performance in word classification was poorer than in young, healthy controls (Lustig et al., 2003).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Relative reduction of deactivation in midline frontal regions after SD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lustig et al., 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Conversely, the reduced activation of the parietal regions might have contributed to reduced performance in serial subtraction (Drummond et al., 1999;Thomas et al., 2000).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Relative reduction in parietal activation after SD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drummond et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Thomas et al., 2000
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increase in thalamic activation in concert with prefrontal activation is consonant with the existence of extensive reciprocal connections between the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus and the prefrontal cortex.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Task-related differences in activation and deactivation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
In the paper
“Because the present behavioral results and imaging findings in relation to PLUS correspond to compensated, SD-related performance decline, the use of the”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cabeza, 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“After SD, such bilateral increases in frontal activation have been observed with verbal learning and divided attention tasks (Drummond et al., 2000(Drummond et al., , 2001)).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drummond et al., 2000
- Not checked yetcites Drummond et al., 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A reasonable approach to interpreting the present data are to conceive of regions showing relatively reduced levels of activation (medial parietal, occipital) and deactivation (anterior medial frontal, posterior cingulate) as those contributing to dysfunction.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The multiple changes in cortical activation and deactivation that accompany task performance after SD indicate that the basis for performance impairment (and possibly its conservation) is more complex than was inferred from behavioral studies that pointed to the frontal lobes as the major source of performance decline (Harrison et al., 2000).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harrison et al., 2000
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Areas showing increased task-related activation after SD may be considered to be regions that might play a compensatory role.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It may well be that midline deactivation is a generic indicator of capacity to direct cognitive resources to the task at hand.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Relative reduction of deactivation in midline frontal regions after SD
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ROI analysis of activation in the thalamus showed main effects of state (F (1,13) ϭ 6.8; p Ͻ 0.05) and task (F (1,13) ϭ 11.6; p Ͻ 0.005).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation after SD in comparison with RW
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study showed that after SD, increased as well as decreased cortical activation and decreased deactivation occurred relative to activation elicited during RW.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there was a trend suggestive of a state-by-task interaction, this did not reach statistical significance (F (1,13) ϭ 2.3; p Ͻ 0.15) (Fig. 6).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation after SD in comparison with RW
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither of these areas showed a significant state-by-task interaction.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation after SD in comparison with RW
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To confirm that these results were not spurious, the results of the ROI analysis based on the individual subject's data showed significant state-by-task interaction (F (1,12) ϭ 17.4; p Ͻ 0.001) in addition to main effects of state (F (1,12) ϭ 6.6; p Ͻ 0.05) and task (F (1,12) ϭ 38.0; p Ͻ 0.001) (Fig. 5).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Activation after SD in comparison with RW
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The order of scanning was counterbalanced across subjects to reduce the potential influence of practice, learning, and order effects on cortical activation.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Materials and Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The experiments were relatively short because the benefit of task complexity is often temporary.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilkinson, 1965
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The control condition was designed to match for perceptual and motor responses.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The two scanning sessions were conducted 1 week apart to minimize the possibility of residual effects of SD affecting cognition of volunteers who underwent a SD scan before a RW scan (Van Dongen et al., 2003).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Materials and Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Dongen et al., 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Subjective difficulty may have been excluded as a potential source of divergent imaging results (Drummond and Brown, 2001), but this assertion has not been tested explicitly.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drummond and Brown, 2001
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Even within a particular cognitive domain, frontal activation may increase with task difficulty up to a point and then decrease (Callicott et al., 1999), reflecting an overwhelming of processing capacity, a loss of motivation (Jaeggi et al., 2003), or both.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Callicott et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Jaeggi et al., 2003
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The additional left frontal activation elicited after SD is postulated to be task dependent and contingent on task complexity.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Short-term total SD, although artificial (chronic SD is more common and has greater general relevance), affords better experimental control.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To verify that the task by state interaction observed in the left prefrontal region at a slightly lenient threshold of p Ͻ 0.005 was not spurious, we performed a functional ROI analysis of activation in this region by obtaining parameter estimates of the individual subject's activation within the region of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (corresponding to the middle frontal gyrus).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, frontal and parietal activation after SD has been shown to increase in experiments involving verbal learning (Drummond et al., 2000(Drummond et al., , 2001)), decrease in experiments involving serial subtraction (Drummond et al., 1999;Thomas et al., 2000), or show no change in an experiment testing attention (Portas et al., 1998).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drummond et al., 2000
- Not checked yetcites Drummond et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Portas et al., 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thalamic activation is also modulated by an increase in sustained attention (Kinomura et al., 1996;Coull, 1998), and it is conceivable that either or both these mechanisms could contribute to the task-related difference in thalamic activation observed here.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Task-related differences in activation and deactivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kinomura et al., 1996
- Not checked yetcites Coull, 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The present findings are consistent with the notion that these regions are disengaged during the performance of cognitive tasks and that the magnitude of deactivation may increase in accordance with processing demands (McKiernan et al., 2003).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Task-related differences in activation and deactivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McKiernan et al., 2003
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Prior working-memory experiments have demonstrated thalamic activation in association with increased working memory demand (Barch et al., 1997;Callicott et al., 1999;Manoach et al., 2003).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Task-related differences in activation and deactivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barch et al., 1997
- Not checked yetcites Callicott et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Manoach et al., 2003
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This region has been activated in several previous experiments examining working memory (Schumacher et al., 1996;Cabeza et al., 2002) and may be involved in retrieval operations specific to working memory (Cabeza et al., 2002).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Relative reduction in parietal activation after SD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schumacher et al., 1996
- Not checked yetcites Cabeza et al., 2002
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Healthy volunteers with a higher memory span showed greater activation in this region relative to those with a lower memory span (Mecklinger et al., 2003).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > Relative reduction in parietal activation after SD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mecklinger et al., 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In using this framework, we are cognizant that, under different contexts, increases in task-related regional cortical activation may relate to more (Gray et al., 2003;Mecklinger et al., 2003) or less (Reuter-Lorenz, 2002;Cabeza et al., 2004) efficient processing.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gray et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Mecklinger et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Reuter-Lorenz, 2002
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In tasks that the elderly can perform (Grady et al., 1994;Esposito et al., 1999;Madden et al., 1999;Rypma and D'Esposito, 2000;Cabeza et al., 2004), frontal activation is often increased and frequently bilateral.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grady et al., 1994
- Not checked yetcites Esposito et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Cabeza et al., 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, such reduction in occipital activation has been observed (but not highlighted) in at least three previous studies (Drummond et al., 1999(Drummond et al., , 2001;;Habeck et al., 2004).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drummond et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Drummond et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Habeck et al., 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A relative reduction of occipital lobe activation (Grady et al., 1994;Madden et al., 1996;Cabeza et al., 1997) has been observed in the elderly, and this finding appears to be task independent (Cabeza et al., 2004).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grady et al., 1994
- Not checked yetcites Madden et al., 1996
- Not checked yetcites Cabeza et al., 2004
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This framework of interpreting functional imaging results has been applied to studies on healthy aging (Reuter-Lorenz, 2002;Cabeza et al., 2004).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Reuter-Lorenz, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Cabeza et al., 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that the engagement of compensatory neural responses may be contingent on the use of specific mental operations or strategies.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“An informative illustration: when encoding words without specific instruction, elderly volunteers exhibited reduced frontal activation and poor memory retrieval.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Logan et al., 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both SD and healthy aging result in a decline in working memory (Harrison et al., 2000).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harrison et al., 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the three types of activity modulation observed in young SD individuals have parallels in healthy elderly adults, speaking to the possibility that common mechanisms may underlie cognitive decline in both conditions”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, when provided with environmental support to facilitate encoding, the elderly volunteers showed a nonselective (bilateral) increase in frontal activation and correspondingly improved mnemonic performance relative to their younger counterparts (Logan et al., 2002).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Functional Imaging of Working Memory after 24 Hr of Total Sleep Deprivation > State-related changes in activation: synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Logan et al., 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
BOLD signal changes reflect neural activity.
“The time course of the blood oxygenation leveldependent (BOLD) response in each activated or deactivated region was inspected manually to verify the classification of activity change.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample of 14 healthy young adults is representative of the broader population of healthy young adults.
“Fourteen right-handed, healthy undergraduate volunteers (five women; mean age, 23 years; range, 19 -24) participated in the study after giving informed consent.”
The paper relies on this without support.
BOLD signal is comparable across subjects and scanning sessions after normalization.
“Mean intensity normalization was performed to obtain the same average intensity for each slice across scans.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“One neuroimaging study revealed that, although sleep deprivation resulted in longer response times on both simple and complex tasks of working memory, performance was only reduced on the simple working memory task; performance on the complex task remained intact following sleep deprivation due to greater compensation by the prefrontal and thalamic brain regions (Chee and Choo 2004).”
From Sleep Problems Across Development: A Pathway to Adolescent Risk Taking Through Working Memory (2015) · cites this paper as Chee and Choo 2004
Citations
Cites
Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain
Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,798
Searching for a baseline: Functional imaging and the resting human brain
Gusnard, D. A., & Raichle, M. E. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35094500 · Cited by 3,371
Van Dongen, H. P. A., Maislin, G., Mullington, J. M., & Dinges, D. F. (2003) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/26.2.117 · Cited by 3,173
Gusnard, D. A., Akbudak, E., Shulman, G. L., & Raichle, M. E. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.071043098 · Cited by 2,997
Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults: the HAROLD model
Cabeza, R. (2002) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.85 · Cited by 2,125
Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults: The HAROLD model.
Cabeza, R. E. L. (2002) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.17.1.85 · Cited by 2,054
The impact of sleep deprivation on decision making: A review.
Harrison, Y., & Horne, J. A. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.6.3.236 · Cited by 1,238
Neural mechanisms of general fluid intelligence
Gray, J. R., Chabris, C. F., & Braver, T. S. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1014 · Cited by 1,080
A Parametric Manipulation of Factors Affecting Task-induced Deactivation in Functional Neuroimaging
McKiernan, K. A., Kaufman, J. N., Kucera-Thompson, J., & Binder, J. R. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892903321593117 · Cited by 1,080
Thomas, M., Sing, H., Belenky, G., Holcomb, H., Mayberg, H., Dannals, R., Wagner JR., H., Thorne, D., Popp, K., Rowland, L., et al. (2000) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00225.x · Cited by 1,066 · cited 9×
“Although there are some divergent results across functional imaging studies of SD, there appears to be a consistent association between reduced activation and a decline in behavioral performance (Drummond et al., 1999, 2000; Thomas et al., 2000; Habeck et al., 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- 1999, Sleep Res Online, 2, 65
- Craik FIM (1986) A functional account of age differences in memory. In: Human memory and cognitive capabilities, mechanisms and performances (Klix F, Hagendorf H, eds), pp 409-422: Amsterdam: Elsevier.
- 2000, Sleep, 23, 1067
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation
Goel, N., Rao, H., Durmer, J., & Dinges, D. (2009) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1237117 · Cited by 2,154
Control of sleep and wakefulness
Brown, R. E., Basheer, R., McKenna, J. T., Strecker, R. E., & McCarley, R. W. (2012) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2011 · Cited by 1,477
Saper, C. B., Fuller, P. M., Pedersen, N. P., Lu, J., & Scammell, T. E. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.032 · Cited by 1,404
A meta-analysis of the impact of short-term sleep deprivation on cognitive variables
Lim, J., & Dinges, D. F. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018883 · Cited by 1,389
Mander, B. A., Winer, J. R., & Walker, M. P. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.004 · Cited by 1,281
Metadata
- Authors
- Chee, M. W. L., & Choo, W. C.
- Affiliations
- SingHealth (SG)
- ORCID
- Chee, Michael W. L.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2004-05-12
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 4560-4567
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6729385
- OpenAlex
- W2110930020
- Semantic Scholar
- 0de1319030be64b650fa4755da747f82ac3cbf87
- Cited by
- 509
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 25.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- National Medical Research Council
- Biomedical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- total sleep deprivation, working memory, verbal working memory, frontoparietal network, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, thalamus, task complexity, cognitive impairment, healthy young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Parietal Lobe, Reaction Time, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Stages, Task Performance and Analysis, Thalamus, Wakefulness, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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