Norepinephrine and learning-induced plasticity in infant rat olfactory system
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Postnatal olfactory learning produces both a conditioned behavioral response and a modified olfactory bulb neural response to the learned odor. The present report describes the role of norepinephrine (NE) on both of these learned responses in neonatal rat pups. Pups received olfactory classical conditioning training from postnatal days (PN) 1-18. Training consisted of 18 trials with an intertrial interval of 24 hr. For the experimental group, a trial consisted of a pairing of unconditioned stimulus (UCS, stroking/tactile stimulation) and the conditioned stimulus (CS, odor). Control groups received either only the CS (Odor only) or only the UCS (Stroke only). Within each training condition, pups were injected with either the NE beta-receptor agonist isoproterenol (1, 20, or 4 mg/kg), the NE beta-receptor antagonist propranolol (10, 20, 40 mg/kg), or saline 30 min prior to training. On day 20, pups received one of the following tests: (1) behavioral conditioned responding, (2) injection with 14C-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and exposed to the CS odor, or (3) tested for olfactory bulb mitral/tufted cell single-unit responses to the CS odor. The results indicated that training with either: (1) Odor-Stroke-Saline, (2) Odor-Stroke-Isoproterenol-Propranolol, or (3) Odor only-Isoproterenol (2 mg/kg) was sufficient to produce a learned behavioral odor preference, enhanced uptake of 14C-2-DG in the odor-specific foci within the bulb, and a modified output signal from the bulb as measured by single-cell recordings of mitral/tufted cells. Moreover, propranolol injected prior to Odor-Stroke training blocked the acquisition of both the learned behavior and olfactory bulb responses. Thus, NE is sufficient and may be necessary for the acquisition of both learned olfactory behavior and olfactory bulb responses.
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In pups, pairing an odor with a moderate level of NE (2 mg/kg) supports odor preference learning.
“Specifically, in pups, pairing an odor with a moderate level of NE (2mg/kg) supports odor preference learning while a higher dose (4mg/kg) produces an odor aversion (Sullivan and Leon, 1986; Sullivan et al., 1989; Sullivan et al., 1991; Yuan et al., 2000; Harley et al., 2006; Christie-Fougere et al., 2009).”
From Early-life stress disrupts attachment learning: the role of amygdala corticosterone, locus ceruleus corticotropin releasing hormone, and olfactory bulb norepinephrine (2009) · cites this paper as Sullivan et al., 1989
NE from the LC is required for the olfactory bulb's neural plasticity and attachment learning.
“Indeed, NE from the LC is required for the olfactory bulb's neural plasticity and attachment learning.”
From Early-life stress disrupts attachment learning: the role of amygdala corticosterone, locus ceruleus corticotropin releasing hormone, and olfactory bulb norepinephrine (2009) · cites this paper as Sullivan et al., 1989
In pups, pairing an odor with a higher level of NE (4 mg/kg) produces an odor aversion.
“Specifically, in pups, pairing an odor with a moderate level of NE (2mg/kg) supports odor preference learning while a higher dose (4mg/kg) produces an odor aversion (Sullivan and Leon, 1986; Sullivan et al., 1989; Sullivan et al., 1991; Yuan et al., 2000; Harley et al., 2006; Christie-Fougere et al., 2009).”
From Early-life stress disrupts attachment learning: the role of amygdala corticosterone, locus ceruleus corticotropin releasing hormone, and olfactory bulb norepinephrine (2009) · cites this paper as Sullivan et al., 1989
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Self-citationOne nostril knows what the other learns
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The locus coeruleus, norepinephrine, and memory in newborns
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Self-citationNeurobiology of attachment to an abusive caregiver: Short‐term benefits and long‐term costs
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Self-citationNeuroethology of olfactory preference development
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Self-citationRole of gene regulation in song circuit development and song learning.
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- Authors
- Sullivan, R., Wilson, D., & Leon, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1989-11-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 3998-4006
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC1885972
- OpenAlex
- W1768602584
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (8606786)
- National Institute of Mental Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS26100, NS21484)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01HD024236, HD0681, P01 HD024236-080005)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- norepinephrine, olfactory learning, postnatal development, olfactory bulb, mitral/tufted cells, propranolol, isoproterenol, beta-adrenergic receptors, odor preference, 2-deoxyglucose uptake, single-unit responses, neonatal rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Conditioning, Classical, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Handling, Psychological, Isoproterenol, Learning, Male, Neuronal Plasticity, Norepinephrine, Odorants, Olfactory Bulb, Propranolol, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats
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