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Quantitative Investigation of Connections of the Prefrontal Cortex in the Human and Macaque using Probabilistic Diffusion Tractography
Open accessAbstract
The functions of prefrontal cortex (PFC) areas are constrained by their anatomical connections. There is little quantitative information about human PFC connections, and, instead, our knowledge of primate PFC connections is derived from tracing studies in macaques. The connections of subcortical areas, in which white matter penetration and hence diffusion anisotropy are greatest, can be studied with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) tractography. We therefore used DWI tractography in four macaque and 10 human hemispheres to compare the connections of PFC regions with nine subcortical regions, including several fascicles and several subcortical nuclei. A distinct connection pattern was identified for each PFC and each subcortical region. Because some of the fascicles contained connections with posterior cortical areas, it was also possible to draw inferences about PFC connection patterns with posterior cortical areas. Notably, it was possible to identify similar circuits centered on comparable PFC regions in both species; PFC regions probably engage in similar patterns of regionally specific functional interaction with other brain areas in both species. In the case of one area traditionally assigned to the human PFC, the pars opercularis, the distribution of connections was not reminiscent of any macaque PFC region but, instead, resembled the pattern for macaque ventral premotor area. Some limitations to the DWI approach were apparent; the high diffusion anisotropy in the corpus callosum made it difficult to compare connection probability values in the adjacent cingulate region.
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“The present results are also consistent with the proportions reported in Croxson et al. (2005).”
From Cortical Terminations of the Inferior Fronto-Occipital and Uncinate Fasciculi: Anatomical Stem-Based Virtual Dissection (2016) · cites this paper as Croxson et al. (2005)
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“These are consistent with the proportions reported in (Croxson et al., 2005) that used probabilistic tractography.”
From Cortical Terminations of the Inferior Fronto-Occipital and Uncinate Fasciculi: Anatomical Stem-Based Virtual Dissection (2016) · cites this paper as Croxson et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Only preliminary data concerning the anatomical connectivity of ACC are available for the human brain (Croxson et al. 2005), and regional variations in connectivity between subregions of human ACC have not previously been investigated.”
From Anatomical connectivity of the subgenual cingulate region targeted with deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression (2008) · cites this paper as Croxson et al. 2005
In the citing paper
“Pathways traced in this way are reproducible (Heiervang et al. 2006) and generally reproduce those identified using postmortem dissection or tract tracing (Stieltjes et al. 2001; Croxson et al. 2005).”
From Anatomical connectivity of the subgenual cingulate region targeted with deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression (2008) · cites this paper as Croxson et al. 2005
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“However, the connections of sACC specifically have not previously been studied in the human brain, and the pathways running through the white matter region underlying sACC and targeted in DBS have not been established.”
From Anatomical connectivity of the subgenual cingulate region targeted with deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression (2008) · cites this paper as Croxson et al. 2005
In the citing paper
“Consistent with our current findings on the connectivity of sACC specifically, we previously found prominent connections between cingulate gyrus and amygdala, cingulum bundle, and NAC in both human and macaque (Croxson et al. 2005).”
From Anatomical connectivity of the subgenual cingulate region targeted with deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression (2008) · cites this paper as Croxson et al. 2005
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“Where these routes are known in the macaque, our results suggest the existence of similar pathways in the human brain (Cavada et al. 2000; Croxson et al. 2005; Schmahmann and Pandya 2006).”
From Anatomical connectivity of the subgenual cingulate region targeted with deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression (2008) · cites this paper as Croxson et al. 2005
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Cerliani, L., Bruls, R., Teurlings, C. J. S., Ziccarelli, S., Gazzola, V., & Keysers, C. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.30.673208
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Metadata
- Authors
- Croxson, P. L., Johansen-Berg, H., Behrens, T. E. J., Robson, M. D., Pinsk, M. A., Gross, C. G., Richter, W., Richter, M. C., Kastner, S., & Rushworth, M. F. S.
- Affiliations
- John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Princeton University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2005-09-28
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 39
- Pages
- 8854-8866
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6725599
- OpenAlex
- W2030183678
- Cited by
- 410
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 12.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institutes of Health
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- prefrontal cortex, white matter connections, diffusion-weighted imaging, macaque, human brain, subcortical nuclei, corpus callosum, cingulate cortex, pars opercularis, cross-species comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Macaca fascicularis, Male, Neural Pathways, Prefrontal Cortex, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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