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Considering Sex as a Biological Variable Will Be Valuable for Neuroscience Research
Open accessAbstract
The recently implemented National Institutes of Health policy requiring that grant applicants consider sex as a biological variable in the design of basic and preclinical animal research studies has prompted considerable discussion within the neuroscience community. Here, we present reasons to be optimistic that this new policy will be valuable for neuroscience, and we suggest some ways for neuroscientists to think about incorporating sex as a variable in their research.
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“Finally, there is considerable evidence that sex is an important factor to consider in neuroscience research,92–95”
From Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on the Orexin/Hypocretin System (2025) · cites this paper as [95]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Shansky, R. M., & Woolley, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Northeastern University (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2016-11-23
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 47
- Pages
- 11817-11822
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC5125240
- OpenAlex
- W2556063377
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 16
- FWCI
- 17.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH095248)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R29NS037324, R01NS037324)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- sex as a biological variable, NIH policy, sex differences, preclinical research, brain research, sex-inclusive research
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Humans, Male, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), Neurosciences, Research Design, Research Support as Topic, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, United States, Biomedical Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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