Sex differences in pain and pain inhibition: multiple explanations of a controversial phenomenon
Abstract
A clear majority of patients with chronic pain are women; however, it has been surprisingly difficult to determine whether this sex bias corresponds to actual sex differences in pain sensitivity. A survey of the currently available epidemiological and laboratory data indicates that the evidence for clinical and experimental sex differences in pain is overwhelming. Various explanations for this phenomenon have been given, ranging from experiential and sociocultural differences in pain experience between men and women to hormonally and genetically driven sex differences in brain neurochemistry.
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Women tend to suffer more from acute and chronic pain.
“Similar to oxytocin research, research on pain has traditionally been heavily male biased,16 whereas women tend to suffer more from acute and chronic pain.58”
From Intranasal oxytocin enhances intrinsic corticostriatal functional connectivity in women (2017) · cites this paper as [58]
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Borzan, J., & Fuchs, P. N. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.034 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sex Chromosome Complement Affects Nociception and Analgesia in Newborn Mice
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Sex differences in the effects of prenatal stress on stress-induced analgesia
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Central Neural States Relating Sex and Pain
Bodnar, R. J. (2002) · Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks · doi:10.56021/9780801868276 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Fillingim, R. B., Browning, A. D., Powell, T., & Wright, R. A. (2002) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1054/jpai.2002.128067 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Delaney, A., Keighren, M., Fleetwood-Walker, S. M., & Jackson, I. J. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012498 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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Epinephrine-Induced Excitation and Sensitization of Rat C-Fiber Nociceptors
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Individual Differences in Morphine and Butorphanol Analgesia: A Laboratory Pain Study
Sibille, K. T., Kindler, L. L., Glover, T. L., González, R., Staud, R. M., Riley, J. L., & Fillingim, R. B. (2011) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01157.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Sex differences in formalin‐induced pain in prenatally stressed infant rats
Буткевич, И. П., Barr, G. A., & Vershinina, E. A. (2007) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.02.001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sternberg, W. F., Chesler, E. J., Wilson, S. G., & Mogil, J. S. (2004) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.05.007 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effects of sex and gender role on responses to pressure pain
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Characteristics of Response to Experimental Pain in Sexually Abused Women
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Progesterone rapidly recruits female-typical opioid-induced hyperalgesic mechanisms
Waxman, A. R., Juni, A., Kowalczyk, W. J., Arout, C. A., Sternberg, W. F., & Kest, B. (2010) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.08.018 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sex, Gender, and Pain: An Overview of a Complex Field
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Sex-specific pain modulation: The growth factor, neuregulin-1, as a pro-nociceptive cytokine
LaCroix‐Fralish, M. L. (2008) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.02.074 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Sex Differences in Neuropeptide Content and Release from Rat Dental Pulp
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“, 2016), while women tend to suffer more from acute and chronic pain (Mogil, 2012).”
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Pando, M. M., Debner, E. K., Jacobs, B. A., Jamshidi, R. J., Jennings, E. M., Clarke, W. P., & Berg, K. A. (2025) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110326 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mogil, J. S.
- Affiliations
- McGill University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Mogil, Jeffrey S.
- ORCID
- Mogil, Jeffrey S.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-11-20
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 859-866
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2027642651
- Cited by
- 1,065
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 97 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canada Research Chairs
- Louise and Alan Edwards Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Keywords
- sex differences in pain, chronic pain, pain sensitivity, pain inhibition
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Female, Humans, Male, Pain, Sex Characteristics, Pain Threshold
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