The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mesocorticolimbic Glutamatergic Pathway
Open accessAbstract
The mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system plays important roles in reward, motivation, learning, memory, and movement. This system arises from the A10 region, comprising the ventral tegmental area and three adjacent midline nuclei (caudal linear nucleus, interfascicular nucleus, and rostral linear nucleus of the raphe). DAergic and GABAergic neurons are intermingled in this region with recently discovered glutamatergic neurons expressing the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGluT2). Here, we show by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry that there are two subpopulations of neurons expressing VGluT2 mRNA in the A10 region: (1) a major subpopulation that expresses VGluT2 but lacks tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; VGluT2-only neurons), present in each nucleus of the A10 region, and (2) a smaller subpopulation that coexpresses VGluT2 and TH (VGluT2-TH neurons). By quantitative real-time PCR, we determined the mRNA copy numbers encoding VGluT2 or TH in samples of individual microdissected TH immunoreactive (IR) neurons. Data from both in situ hybridization and from mRNA quantification showed that VGluT2 mRNA is not present in every TH-IR neuron, but restricted to a subset of TH-IR neurons located in the medial portion of the A10 region. By integration of tract tracing, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry, we found that VGluT2-only neurons and VGluT2-TH neurons each innervate both the prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens. These findings establish that in addition to the well-recognized mesocorticolimbic DA-only and GABA-only pathways, there exist parallel mesocorticolimbic glutamate-only and glutamate-DA pathways.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Of note here is that some of these dopaminergic neurons projecting to the various PFC subdomains are capable of co-releasing glutamate as well and have an exclusive excitatory effect on the GABAergic interneurons in the various layers of the PFC [170–173].”
From Development of prefrontal cortex (2022) · cites this paper as [170]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There are various sources of glutamatergic input projections including a subset of (non-)dopaminergic VTA neurons to GABAergic interneurons in the PFC [170–173].”
From Development of prefrontal cortex (2022) · cites this paper as [170]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Paxinos, G., & Watson, C. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-63235-9 · Cited by 28,585
Swanson, L. W. (1982) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(82)90145-9 · Cited by 1,718 · cited 6×
“…further support the view of neurochemical and functional differences between the lateral and medial aspects of the A10 region and strengthen the proposition that the PN and the PBP are regions of the VTA that, together with the RLi, the CLi, and the IF, comprise the A10 region (Swanson, 1982).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOpioids excite dopamine neurons by hyperpolarization of local interneurons
Johnson, S., & North, R. (1992) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-02-00483.1992 · Cited by 1,637
Matsuda, W., Furuta, T., Nakamura, K. C., Hioki, H., Fujiyama, F., Arai, R., & Kaneko, T. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4029-08.2009 · Cited by 865
Nair‐Roberts, R. G., Chatelain-Badie, S. D., Benson, E. M., White‐Cooper, H., Bolam, J. P., & Ungless, M. A. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.046 · Cited by 635
Dopaminergic terminals in the nucleus accumbens but not the dorsal striatum corelease glutamate
Stuber, G. D., Hnasko, T. S., Britt, J. P., Edwards, R. H., & Bonci, A. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1754-10.2010 · Cited by 529
Vesicular glutamate transport promotes dopamine storage and glutamate corelease in vivo
Hnasko, T. S., Chuhma, N., Zhang, H., Goh, G. Y., Sulzer, D., Palmiter, R. D., Rayport, S., & Edwards, R. H. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.012 · Cited by 405
Glutamatergic neurons are present in the rat ventral tegmental area
Yamaguchi, T., Sheen, W., & Morales, M. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05263.x · Cited by 367
Self-citationGABA-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area project to the nucleus accumbens in rat brain
Bockstaele, E. J. V., & Pickel, V. M. (1995) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00334-m · Cited by 329
Voorn, P., Jorritsma‐Byham, B., Dijk, C. V., & Buijs, R. M. (1986) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902510106 · Cited by 318
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ventral tegmental area: cellular heterogeneity, connectivity and behaviour
Morales, M., & Margolis, E. B. (2017) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.165 · Cited by 1,108
Self-citationThe Nucleus Accumbens: An Interface Between Cognition, Emotion, and Action
Floresco, S. B. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115159 · Cited by 938
Reward and aversion in a heterogeneous midbrain dopamine system
Lammel, S., Lim, B. K., & Malenka, R. C. (2014) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.03.019 · Cited by 804
Witten, I. B., Steinberg, E. E., Lee, S. Y., Davidson, T. J., Zalocusky, K. A., Brodsky, M., Yizhar, O., Cho, S. L., Gong, S., Ramakrishnan, C., et al. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.10.028 · Cited by 680
Activation of VTA GABA Neurons Disrupts Reward Consumption
van Zessen, R., Phillips, J. L., Budygin, E. A., & Stuber, G. D. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.016 · Cited by 646
Metadata
- Authors
- Yamaguchi, T., Wang, H.-L., Li, X., Ng, T. H., & Morales, M.
- Affiliations
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morales, M.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2011-06-08
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 8476-8490
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6623324
- OpenAlex
- W2010408327
- Cited by
- 332
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 10.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Keywords
- ventral tegmental area, vesicular glutamate transporter 2, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopaminergic neurons, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, GABAergic neurons, neuronal subpopulations
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dopamine, Immunohistochemistry, Neurons, Nucleus Accumbens, Raphe Nuclei, RNA, Messenger, Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, In Situ Hybridization, Ventral Tegmental Area, Glutamic Acid, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2, Rats, Neuronal Tract-Tracers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
