Ventral tegmental area: cellular heterogeneity, connectivity and behaviour
Abstract
Dopamine-releasing neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have central roles in reward-related and goal-directed behaviours. VTA dopamine-releasing neurons are heterogeneous in their afferent and efferent connectivity and, in some cases, release GABA or glutamate in addition to dopamine. Recent findings show that motivational signals arising from the VTA can also be carried by non-dopamine-releasing projection neurons, which have their own specific connectivity. Both dopamine-releasing and non-dopamine-releasing VTA neurons integrate afferent signals with local inhibitory or excitatory inputs to generate particular output firing patterns. Various individual inputs, outputs and local connections have been shown to be sufficient to generate reward- or aversion-related behaviour, indicative of the impressive contribution of this small population of neurons to behaviour.
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Ventral midbrain dopamine neurons are diverse, project to different regions, and can release neurotransmitters besides dopamine.
“Dopamine neurons of the ventral midbrain (DANs) comprise a diverse population of neurons targeting different regions and capable of releasing multiple neurotransmitters in addition to dopamine.31,103,104”
From Synaptic and circuit functions of multitransmitter neurons in the mammalian brain (2023) · cites this paper as [31]
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Nicotine inhibits the VTA-to-amygdala dopamine pathway to promote anxiety
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HCN2 channels in the ventral tegmental area regulate behavioral responses to chronic stress
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Hunger and Satiety Gauge Reward Sensitivity
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“axis (Krashia et al., 2017; Morales and Margolis, 2017; Roeper, 2013; Zhang et al., 2010), we analysed separately the results from lateral vs intermediate neurons.”
Multi-transmitter neurons in the mammalian central nervous system
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BackgroundSynaptic and circuit functions of multitransmitter neurons in the mammalian brain
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Magnetic resonance imaging of the dopamine system in schizophrenia – A scoping review
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Behavioral effects of SGK1 knockout in VTA and dopamine neurons
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Two-pronged control of the dorsal raphe by the VTA
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- Authors
- Morales, M., & Margolis, E. B.
- Affiliations
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morales, Marisela
- Venue
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience
- Published
- 2017-01-05
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 73-85
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2569240731
- Cited by
- 1,108
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 96 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 125 · 2023: 114 · 2022: 123 · 2021: 147 · 2020: 120 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 39 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 12.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- ventral tegmental area, neuronal heterogeneity, dopaminergic neurons, motivation, projection neurons
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Models, Neurological, Motivation, Neural Pathways, Synaptic Transmission, Reward, Ventral Tegmental Area, Glutamic Acid, Dopaminergic Neurons, GABAergic Neurons
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