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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Has Neurotrophic Activity and Stimulates Axonal Outgrowth, Enhancing Cell Survival and Schwann Cell Proliferation in the Peripheral Nervous System
Open accessAbstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a mitogen for endothelial cells, and it promotes angiogenesis in vivo. Here we report that VEGF 165 has neurotrophic actions on cultured adult mouse superior cervical ganglia (SCG) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG), measured as axonal outgrowth. Maximal effect was observed at 10–50 ng/ml for SCG and 100 ng/ml for DRG. VEGF-induced axonal outgrowth was inhibited by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor PD 98059 but not by the protein kinase inhibitor K252a. VEGF also increased survival of both neurons and satellite cells and the number of proliferating Schwann cells. Immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting revealed that VEGF was expressed in virtually all nerve cells in the SCG but only in a population of small-diameter (<35 μm) neurons representing ∼30% of the neurons in DRG. Immunostaining showed that the VEGF receptor fetal liver kinase receptor (flk-1) was found on nerve cell bodies in DRG and to a lesser extent on neurons in SCG. Growth cones of regenerating axons from both types of ganglia exhibited flk-1 immunoreactivity, as did Schwann cells. We conclude that VEGF has both neurotrophic and mitogenic activity on cells in the peripheral nervous system.
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“Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to promote revascularization, axonal outgrowth, and Schwann cell proliferation.58”
From Regenerative Electrode Interfaces for Neural Prostheses. (2016) · cites this paper as [58]
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Citations
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Emerging roles for semaphorins in neural regeneration
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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulates cranial neural crest migration in vivo
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A Systematic Analysis of the Off-Label Use of Bevacizumab for Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity
Micieli, J. A., Surkont, M., & Smith, A. F. (2009) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2009.05.031 · Cited by 126
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Li, Y., Pan, R., Qin, X., Yang, W., Qi, Z., Liu, W., & Liu, K. J. (2013) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.12611 · Cited by 129
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Hashimoto, T., Zhang, X., Chen, B. Y.-K., & Yang, X.-J. (2006) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.02385 · Cited by 125
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Effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on motor neuron degeneration
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“…biology (Carmeliet and Storkebaum, 2002), as it has been reported to have direct effects in vitro on hippocampal, cortical, cerebellar and sympathetic neurons (Jin et al., 2000; Ogunshola et al., 2002; Silverman et al., 1999; Sondell et al., 1999, 2000; Svensson et al., 2002; Wick et al., 2002).”
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Gnavi, S., di Blasio, L., Tonda‐Turo, C., Mancardi, A., Primo, L., Ciardelli, G., Gambarotta, G., Geuna, S., & Perroteau, I. (2014) · Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine · doi:10.1002/term.1936 · Cited by 118
“The amount of VEGF-A165 to be incorporated within the gel was chosen based on literature data (Deister and Schmidt 2006, Fu et al. 2007, Hao et al. 2007, Jay and Saltzman 2009, Pereira Lopes et al. 2011, Sondell et al. 1999, Sondell et al. 2000).”
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“Administration of VEGF stimulates axonal outgrowth and improves cell survival in vitro (Sondell et al., 1999; Sondell et al., 2000).”
BackgroundVascular Endothelial Growth Factor Rescues HN33 Neural Cells from Death Induced by Serum Withdrawal
Jin, K. L., Mao, X., & Greenberg, D. A. (2000) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1385/jmn:14:3:197 · Cited by 116
“The protective effect of VEGF in serum-deprived cultures of HN33 cells, which are derived from central neurons, resembles in several respects VEGF’s neurotrophic effect on peripheral neurons in SCG or DRG cultures (Sondell et al., 1999).”
BackgroundNeurotrophic growth factors for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: where do we stand ?
Henriques (2010) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2010.00032 · Cited by 117
“The first evidence for neurotrophic proprieties of VEGF arose in the early 2000’s, with studies on neuronal regeneration (Sondell et al., 1999, 2000; Hobson et al., 2000).”
BackgroundAstrocytes from old Alzheimer's disease mice are impaired in Aβ uptake and in neuroprotection
Iram, T., Trudler, D., Kain, D., Kanner, S., Galron, R., Vassar, R. J., Barzilai, A., Blinder, P., Fishelson, Z., & Frenkel, D. (2016) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2016.08.001 · Cited by 121
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Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes neurite maturation in primary CNS neuronal cultures
Khaibullina, A. A., Rosenstein, J. M., & Krum, J. M. (2004) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.devbrainres.2003.09.022 · Cited by 114
Vascular endothelial growth factor and the nervous system
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CCL20, γδ T cells, and IL‐22 in corneal epithelial healing
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Kim, H. M., Hwang, D. H., Lee, J. E., Kim, S. U., & Kim, B. G. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004987 · Cited by 112
“cells in developing retina [26], and VEGF promoted proliferation of astrocytes [27], Schwann cells [8], and neural stem or progenitor cells [17].”
BackgroundCharacterization of conditioned medium of cultured bone marrow stromal cells
Nakano, N., Nakai, Y., Seo, T.-B., Yamada, Y., Ohno, T., Yamanaka, A., Nagai, Y., Fukushima, M., Suzuki, Y., Nakatani, T., et al. (2010) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.07.062 · Cited by 111
Lopes, F. R. P., Lisbôa, B. C. G., Frattini, F., de Almeida, F. M., Tomaz, M. A., Martin, P. K. M., Langone, F., Lora, S., Melo, P. A., Borojević, R., et al. (2011) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01159.x · Cited by 111
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“Experimental delivery of VEGF stimulates axonal outgrowth, but its deletion in animal models leads to decreased neural blood flow and nerve degeneration.(68,69) Vascular endothelial growth factor is expressed by astrocytes after spinal cord injury.”
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Yu, C. Q., Zhang, M., Matis, K., Kim, C., & Rosenblatt, M. I. (2008) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.07-1418 · Cited by 107
“Each ganglion was mounted in 7 L basement membrane preparation (Matri-Gel; BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ) to a well of a 48-well culture plate.(16) Ganglia were then incubated in 1 mL media (Neurobasal; Invitrogen) with 1% B27 supplement.”
MethodMicroglia preconditioned by oxygen-glucose deprivation promote functional recovery in ischemic rats
Kanazawa, M., Miura, M., Toriyabe, M., Koyama, M., Hatakeyama, M., Ishikawa, M., Nakajima, T., Onodera, O., Takahashi, T., Nishizawa, M., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep42582 · Cited by 106
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“Recent in vitro investigations of cultured superior cervical and dorsal root ganglion neurons have reported that VEGF stimulates axonal outgrowth and improves cell survival (Sondell et al. 1999).”
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“Additionally, as described above, heterozygous mast cells have increased survival and proliferation and are recruited to the tumor microenvironment in response to the kit ligand, and in return, mast cells can secrete nerve growth factor (NGF) (107) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (175), which FIGURE 4.”
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“Previous studies reported beneficial effects of VEGF on vascularization, which were accompanied by enhanced regeneration in acellular or laminin-gel grafts (Sondell et al., 1999; Hobson et al., 2000; Rovak et al., 2004).”
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“VEGF also has nonangiogenic functions such as chemoattracting macrophages [88] and enhancing neuronal survival [90,91].”
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Marques, B. L., Carvalho, G. A., Freitas, E. M. M., Chiareli, R. A., Barbosa, T. G., Araújo, A. G. P. D., Nogueira, Y. L., Ribeiro, R. I., Parreira, R. C., Vieira, M. S., et al. (2019) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.12.003 · Cited by 99
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“Both VEGF and Flk1 are expressed by neurons [146].”
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“…as a factor that promotes neurogenesis in the adult brain (Jin et al., 2002b; Louissaint et al., 2002), and the kinase receptors, VEGFR1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR2 (Flk-1; KDR), have been known to be also expressed by nonvascular cells such as neurons or NSCs (Maurer et al., 2003; Sondell et al., 1999).”
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“…known to produce vascular endothelial growth factor (Berthod et al., 2006; Coppe et al., 2006; Sugihara et al., 1994), which was demonstrated to support motor nerve regeneration and to promote axonal growth and glial cell proliferation (Bearden and Segal, 2004; Sondell et al., 1999).”
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“cervical ganglia VEGF-A reduced the number of apoptotic Schwann cells and stimulated their proliferation [164].”
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Angiogenic Factors in the Central Nervous System
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“The addition of VEGF to cultures of superior cervical ganglion and dorsal root ganglion neurons stimulates axonal outgrowth and improves cell survival rates (259).”
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“ciated with VEGF concentrations between 10 and 100 ng/mL [6, 15, 20].”
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“VEGF has also proved in vivo and in vitro protective effects against cerebral ischemia due to its angiogenic effect (endothelial cell mitogen, vascular growth and permeability factor) and a direct neuronal action through neurotrophic effects, such as axonal outgrowth and cell survival.(21) Taken together, these result…”
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“VEGF is an endothelial cell, as well as a cell-specific mitogen and is the major angiogenic factor involved in physiological and pathological angiogenesis [22-25] .”
BackgroundGlia delimit shape changes of sensory neuron receptive endings in C. elegans
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“VEGF stimulates neurite outgrowth when applied to neurons from the DRG or superior cervical ganglion (SCG) in vitro (Sondell et al., 1999, 2000), and reduces degeneration of lesioned corticospinal axons when administered in vivo (Facchiano et al., 2002).”
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as a complex genetic disease
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Tokushige, N., Markham, R., Russell, P., & Fraser, I. S. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.08.074 · Cited by 85
Mani, N., Khaibullina, A., Krum, J. M., & Rosenstein, J. M. (2005) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.12.022 · Cited by 84
The Potential Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Central Nervous System
Yasuhara, T., Shingo, T., & Date, I. (2004) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.2004.15.4.293 · Cited by 85
de Almodóvar, C. R., Coulon, C., Salin, P. A., Knevels, E., Chounlamountri, N., Poesen, K., Hermans, K., Lambrechts, D., Geyte, K. V., Dhondt, J., et al. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0477-10.2010 · Cited by 92
An engineered transcription factor which activates VEGF-A enhances recovery after spinal cord injury
Liu, Y., Figley, S. A., Spratt, S. K., Lee, G., Ando, D. G., Surosky, R. T., & Fehlings, M. G. (2009) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.10.018 · Cited by 84
Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor-A
D'Amore, P. A. (2007) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2007.070385 · Cited by 84
Schoeffner, D. J., Matheny, S. L., Akahane, T., Factor, V. M., Berry, A., Merlino, G. T., & Thorgeirsson, U. P. (2005) · Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1038/labinvest.3700258 · Cited by 82
Liu, Q., Smith, C. W., Zhang, W., Burns, A. R., & Li, Z. (2012) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.04.010 · Cited by 84
Platelet-rich plasma, an adjuvant biological therapy to assist peripheral nerve repair
Delgado, D., Padilla, S., Sánchez, M., & Garate, A. (2017) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.198973 · Cited by 82
“…SC activation, macrophage polarization, as well as the active resolution of inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrogenesis, thereby acting as key drivers of full nerve functional recovery (Sondell et al., 1999; Jiang et al., 2013; Zheng et al., 2014; Cattin et al., 2015; Jessen et al., 2015).”
VEGF inhibits the inflammation in spinal cord injury through activation of autophagy
Wang, H., Wang, Y., Li, D., Liu, Z., Zhao, Z., Han, D., Yuan, Y., Bi, J., & Mei, X. (2015) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.146 · Cited by 81
Harwood, C. A., McDermott, C. J., & Shaw, P. J. (2009) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis · doi:10.1080/17482960802549739 · Cited by 104
Jessen, K. R., & Mirsky, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.820216 · Cited by 78
Snow, D. M., Mullins, N., & Hynds, D. L. (2001) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/jemt.1140 · Cited by 80
“…root ganglion cells, which are a widely used cell type for assays of outgrowth and regeneration (Bonsall and Rehder 1999; Davies et al., 1997; Gill et al., 1998; Igarashi et al., 1993; Owesson et al., 2000; Robson and Burgoyne 1988; Snow et al., 1994; Sondell et al., 1999; Yip and Johnson, 1984).”
Chu, K., Park, K., Lee, S., Jung, K., Ko, S., Kang, L., Sinn, D.-I., Lee, Y.-S., Kim, S. U., Kim, M., et al. (2005) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2005.08.010 · Cited by 79
Sopova, K., Gatsiou, K., Stellos, K., & Laske, C. (2014) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205010666131120100743 · Cited by 80
“VEGF stimulates axonal outgrowth, enhancing cell survival and Schwann cell proliferation in cultured superior cervical and dorsal root ganglia from adult mice [103].”
BackgroundVEGF signalling controls GnRH neuron survival via NRP1 independently of KDR and blood vessels
Cariboni, A. M., Davidson, K., Dozio, E., Memi, F., Schwarz, Q., Stossi, F., Parnavelas, J. G., & Ruhrberg, C. (2011) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.063362 · Cited by 78
“…intracellular domain forces NRP1 to use KDR as a co-receptor to transduce VEGF signals [discussed by Fantin and colleagues (Fantin et al., 2009)], and that (2) KDR is the main VEGF receptor promoting neuronal survival (e.g. Ogunshola et al., 2002; Oosthuyse et al., 2001; Sondell et al., 1999).”
BackgroundWang, Y., Cui, H.-R., Yang, S., Sun, H., Qiu, M., Feng, X., & Sun, F. (2009) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2009.06.007 · Cited by 74
de la Monte, S. M., Tong, M., Schiano, I., & Didsbury, J. R. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160656 · Cited by 79
“VEGF is reported to protect hippocampal neurons from ischemic injury [36] and enhance survival of Schwann cells [37].”
Induction of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Human Astrocytes by Lead
Hossain, M. A., Bouton, C. M. L. S., Pevsner, J., & Laterra, J. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m002185200 · Cited by 76
Age‐related hearing loss and cognitive decline: MRI and cellular evidence
Jafari, Z., Kolb, B. E., & Mohajerani, M. H. (2021) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14617 · Cited by 81
Shen, S., Duan, C., Chen, X., Wang, Y., Sun, X., Zhang, Q.-W., Cui, H.-R., & Sun, F. (2015) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.012 · Cited by 74
“VEGF is an important neurotrophic factor in addition to its role of stimulation of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis (Rosenstein et al., 2003; Sondell et al., 1999).”
Regenerative Electrode Interfaces for Neural Prostheses.
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Systemically Expressed Soluble Tie2 Inhibits Intraocular Neovascularization
Hangai, M., Moon, Y. S., Kitaya, N., Chan, C. K.-C., Wu, D.-Y., Peters, K. G., Ryan, S. J., & Hinton, D. R. (2001) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/104303401750270968 · Cited by 71
“VEGF also has important neuronal activities involving neuronal survival and regeneration, axonal outgrowth, and enhancement of Schwann cell proliferation (Sondell et al. , 1999; Schratzberger et al. , 2000).”
Therapeutic potential of VEGF and VEGF-derived peptide in peripheral neuropathies
Verheyen, A., Peeraer, E., Lambrechts, D., Poesen, K., Carmeliet, P., Shibuya, M., Pintelon, I., Timmermans, J., Nuydens, R., & Meert, T. F. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.050 · Cited by 70
“, who reported that VEGF promotes axonal outgrowth of primary dorsal root ganglia (DRG) (Sondell et al., 1999).”
Early Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Accelerates Presbycusis Altering Aging Processes in the Cochlea
Fetoni, A. R., Pisani, A., Rolesi, R., Paciello, F., Viziano, A., Moleti, A., Sisto, R., Troiani, D., Paludetti, G., & Grassi, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.803973 · Cited by 70
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Farokhi-Sisakht, F., Farhoudi, M., Sadigh‐Eteghad, S., Mahmoudi, J., & Mohaddes, G. (2019) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.07.015 · Cited by 69
The Pros and Cons of Growth Factors and Cytokines in Peripheral Axon Regeneration
Klimaschewski, L. P., Hausott, B., & Angelov, D. N. (2013) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410499-0.00006-x · Cited by 69
Sukgen, E. A., & Koçluk, Y. (2018) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-018-4168-5 · Cited by 68
Angiogenesis lymphangiogenesis and neurogenesis in endometriosis
Hey‐Cunningham, A. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite · doi:10.2741/e682 · Cited by 68
“Furthermore, red lesions have higher vascularization, proliferative activity and expression of VEGFR-2 (114, 215, 217, 218), and express lower levels of angiogenesis inhibitors such as TSP-1 (111).”
BackgroundInfluentialRestoration of Neurological Function Following Peripheral Nerve Trauma
Kuffler, D. P., & Foy, C. A. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21051808 · Cited by 67
“The recovery of function following nerve graft repair is best for patients < 20–25 years of age [87], and the extent of recovery decreases significantly with increasing patient age [87,88].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Sondell, M., Lundborg, G., & Kanje, M.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1999-07-15
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 5731-5740
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6783109
- OpenAlex
- W1962154683
- Cited by
- 750
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 8.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Axon Guidance and Neuronal Signaling
- Keywords
- vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF165, neurotrophic activity, axon growth, Schwann cell proliferation, satellite cells, superior cervical ganglion, dorsal root ganglia, MEK, PD98059, K252a, axon regeneration, peripheral nervous system, small-diameter neurons, cell survival
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Axons, Carbazoles, Cell Survival, Cells, Cultured, Enzyme Inhibitors, Flavonoids, Ganglia, Spinal, Humans, Lymphokines, Male, Mice, Inbred Strains, Nerve Growth Factors, Recombinant Proteins, Schwann Cells, Time Factors, Endothelial Growth Factors, Superior Cervical Ganglion, Indole Alkaloids, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Mice
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