The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Distinct Regions of Prefrontal Cortex Mediate Resistance and Vulnerability to Depression
Open accessAbstract
The neuroanatomical correlates of depression remain unclear. Functional imaging data have associated depression with abnormal patterns of activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC), including the ventromedial (vmPFC) and dorsolateral (dlPFC) sectors. If vmPFC and dlPFC are critical neural substrates for the pathogenesis of depression, then damage to either area should affect the expression of depressive symptoms. Using patients with brain lesions we show that, relative to nonfrontal lesions, bilateral vmPFC lesions are associated with markedly low levels of depression, whereas bilateral dorsal PFC lesions (involving dorsomedial and dorsolateral areas in both hemispheres) are associated with substantially higher levels of depression. These findings demonstrate that vmPFC and dorsal PFC are critically and causally involved in depression, although with very different roles: vmPFC damage confers resistance to depression, whereas dorsal PFC damage confers vulnerability.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“damage to VMPFC is associated with low levels of depression, and damage to DLPFC is associated with high levels of depression 206.”
From Mechanisms of synaptic transmission dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex: pathophysiological implications (2022) · cites this paper as [206]
In the citing paper
“damage to VMPFC is associated with low levels of depression, and damage to DLPFC is associated with high levels of depression 206.”
From Mechanisms of synaptic transmission dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex: pathophysiological implications (2022) · cites this paper as [206]
In the citing paper
“By virtue of its well-established capacity for regulating mood, attention, memory, and action34, 54-56”
From Evolutionarily conserved prefrontal-amygdalar dysfunction in early-life anxiety (2014) · cites this paper as [56]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282
Tzourio-Mazoyer, N., Landeau, B., Papathanassiou, D., Crivello, F., Etard, O., Delcroix, N., Mazoyer, B., & Joliot, M. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0978 · Cited by 16,319
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (2011) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t00742-000 · Cited by 7,535
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601
Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Mayberg, H. S., Lozano, A. M., Voon, V., McNeely, H. E., Seminowicz, D., Hamani, C., Schwalb, J. M., & Kennedy, S. H. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.014 · Cited by 4,059
Automatic 3D intersubject registration of MR volumetric data in standardized Talairach space
Collins, D. L., Neelin, P., Peters, T. M., & Evans, A. C. (1994) · Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography · doi:10.1097/00004728-199403000-00005 · Cited by 3,431 · cited 1×
“The CT image of each brain was spatially normalized to a CT template brain image in MNI space (Collins et al., 1994).”
MethodRethinking feelings: an fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion
Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902760807212 · Cited by 2,520
Mayberg, H. S., Liotti, M., Brannan, S. K., McGinnis, S., Mahurin, R. K., Jerabek, P. A., Silva, J. A., Tekell, J. L., Martin, C. C., Lancaster, J. L., et al. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.5.675 · Cited by 2,416
Greicius, M. D., Flores, B. H., Menon, V., Glover, G. H., Solvason, H. B., Kenna, H., Reiss, A. L., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.020 · Cited by 2,214
Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. D., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Gross, J. J. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.030 · Cited by 2,113
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Damasio H Damasio AR (1989) Lesion analysis in neurospychology (Oxford UP, New York).
- First MB Spitzer RL Gibbon M Williams JBW (2002) Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders, research version (Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute, (SCID-I/P) New York) patient edition.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–243 of 243
Structural Injuries Are Associated with Better Emotional Well-being after Traumatic Brain Injury
Snider, S. B., Shi, H., Maffei, C., Gilmore, N., Freeman, H. J., Atalay, A. S., Li, J., Yeager, J. A., Kumar, R. G., Yew, B., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1177/08977151261468930 · Cited by 1
Treatment of Depression Following a Traumatic Brain Injury
Perna, R. B. (2015) · Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.15406/jpcpy.2015.02.00065 · Cited by 1
Targeted Modulation of Neural Circuits: A New Treatment Strategy for Neuropsychiatric Disease
Mayberg, H. S., & Holtzheimer, P. E. (2010) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-202-5_11 · Cited by 1
Lesions in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex and their Impact on Social Cognition
Tombe, J. R. S. (2022) · Revista Colombiana de Psicología · doi:10.15446/rcp.v31n2.88206 · Cited by 1
Yu, Y. W., Ye, H., Yan, H., Zhang, C., Li, W., Li, Z., Jing, H., Li, X., Liang, J., Xie, G., et al. (2024) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148977 · Cited by 1
Hogeveen, J., Campbell, E. M., Mullins, T. S., Robertson‐Benta, C. R., Quinn, D. K., Mayer, A. R., & Cavanagh, J. F. (2024) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcae250 · Cited by 1
Philippi, C. L., Bruss, J., Brandauer, C., Trapp, N. T., Tranel, D., & Boes, A. D. (2025) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109168 · Cited by 1
Self-citationDepression and neurological disorders
Bassiony, M. M. (2009) · Neurosciences · doi:10.17712/1658-3183.1711 · Cited by 1
Chronic Effects of TBI in a Military Population
French, L. M., Marble, S. A., & Greenhalgh, W. M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22436-3_15 · Cited by 1
Kobrosly, R. W. (2013) · UR Research (University of Rochester) · Cited by 1
Sales, A. J. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.17.2019.tde-27112018-153336 · Cited by 1
Voineskos, D. (2019) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
Depression and anxiety in MS: symptoms or comorbidity?
Lechner-Scott, J., Giovannoni, G., Hawkes, C., Levy, M., & Yeh, E. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105758
Greening, S. G. (2013) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Downar, J. H., Giacobbe, P., Salomons, T. V., Geraci, J., Wheeler, S. M., Kennedy, S. H., McAndrews, M. P., & Flint, A. J. (2012) · F1000Research · doi:10.7490/f1000research.1090444.1
Managing Depression in Multiple Sclerosis: prevalence, Pathology and Progress
Arnett, P. A., & Ukueberuwa, D. M. (2013) · Neurodegenerative Disease Management · doi:10.2217/nmt.13.64
Depression, Love, Happiness, and the Quantitative Electroencephalography in a Single Case Study
Thornton, K. E., & Carmody, D. P. (2010) · Biofeedback · doi:10.5298/1081-5937-38.1.13
Individual Differences in Working Memory and Higher-Ordered Processing: The Commentaries
Courage, M. L., Howe, M. L., Ilkowska, M., Engle, R. W., Kossowska, M., Orehek, E., Kruglanski, A. W., McVay, J. C., Kane, M. J., Marszał‐Wiśniewska, M., et al. (2010) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1210-7_25
Neural correlates of rumination in depression
mann, J. R. (2010)
Identification of rTMS responders vs. non-responders for MDD via a network theory approach on fMRIs
Geraci, J. (2013) · F1000Research · doi:10.7490/f1000research.1093691.1
Are Anxiety and Depression the Same Disorder?
Carey, S. (2015) · Journal of medical students, Galway · doi:10.18193/sah.v1i1.3
The research of the brain default network using cascading algorithm
Ke, M., Cao, Z., Li, Z., & Chen, X. (2016) · ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing (SNPD) · doi:10.1109/snpd.2016.7515944
Jasaui, Y. (2016) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/25831
Efeito de antagonistas do receptor NMDA sobre a metilação do DNA
Montezuma, K. (2017) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.60.2017.tde-24102016-163014
Regulação cerebral e percepção de esforço durante exercício incremental
Bortolotti, H. (2017) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.39.2017.tde-13022017-115416
Sato, V. (2017) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.17.2017.tde-20072016-091556
Depression and anxiety following a traumatic brain injury
Osborn, A. J. (2017) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · doi:10.4225/55/5b10ab7bb84c3
Thinking, Feeling, and Moving: Competition for Brain Resources in Health and Disease
Lai, K. S. P., Patience, J., & Burhan, A. M. (2023) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15959-6_13
Yu, Y. W., Ye, H., Yan, H., Zhang, C., Li, W., Li, Z., Liang, J., Li, X., Xie, G., Ou, Y., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3560135/v1
Unsupervised learning of mapping between brain lesions and behaviorPreprint
Wahle, I. A., Griffis, J., Adolphs, R., Grafman, J. H., Tranel, D., Boes, A. D., & Eberhardt, F. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.22.573110
Self-citationArmony, J., & Vuilleumier, P. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009342919.005
Neuropsychology and Lesion Models
Ciaramelli, E., & di Pellegrino, G. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009342919.006
Fang, K., Wen, B., Liu, L., Tian, Y. Q., Yang, H., Han, S., Sun, X., & Niu, L. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111537
NOVEL MECHANISMS IN DEPRESSION: FOCUS ON TELOMERE BIOLOGY AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION
Wei, Y. B. (2015) · Figshare
Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat cognitive aspects of other psychiatric diseases
Downar, J. (2025) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26602-7.00031-2
Anti-saccade error rates are associated with somatic depressive symptoms in cocaine use disorder
de Dios, C., Webber, H. E., Wardle, M. C., Yoon, J. H., Patriquin, M. A., Vincent, J. N., Schmitz, J. M., & Lane, S. D. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251399579
Samman, M. E., Fiorentini, L., Herlyn, D. L., Tsuchiyagaito, A., Castro, M. N., Costanzo, E., Brusco, L. I., Camprodon, J. A., Forcato, C., Guinjoan, S. M., et al. (2026) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2026.112141
Le récepteur 3 de la neurotensine/Sortiline dans la régulation de l’état dépressif
Moréno, S. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/bd5432bcz3426z4e54z9081zd99b2eb3f712 · Cited by 1
Network‐level disconnectivity tracks poststroke depressive symptom improvement
Sihvonen, A. J., Brownsett, S. L. E., Copland, D. A., Walsh, A., Davis, S. M., Donnan, G. A., & Carey, L. M. (2026) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.70075
Wymore, M. V. (2026) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2026.2663433
Zhang, X., He, M., Guo, Y., Kemp, G. J., Wang, S., & Gong, Q. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122224
Metadata
- Authors
- Koenigs, M., Huey, E. D., Calamia, M., Raymont, V., Tranel, D., & Grafman, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-11-19
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 47
- Pages
- 12341-12348
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC2644261
- OpenAlex
- W2128478192
- Cited by
- 243
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 6.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 NS999999)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA022549)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P01 NS19632, P01NS019632, NS-19632, Z01NS002792)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- depression, prefrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, brain lesions, lesion studies, depression vulnerability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Injuries, Brain Mapping, Cognition Disorders, Depression, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Movement Disorders, Severity of Illness Index, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Veterans, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review