The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cerebellar Contributions to Locomotor Adaptations during Splitbelt Treadmill Walking
Open accessAbstract
Locomotor adaptability ranges from the simple and fast-acting to the complex and long-lasting and is a requirement for successful mobility in an unpredictable environment. Several neural structures, including the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, and motor cortex, have been implicated in the control of various types of locomotor adaptation. However, it is not known which structures control which types of adaptation and the specific mechanisms by which the appropriate adjustments are made. Here, we used a splitbelt treadmill to test cerebellar contributions to two different forms of locomotor adaptation in humans. We found that cerebellar damage does not impair the ability to make reactive feedback-driven motor adaptations, but significantly disrupts predictive feedforward motor adaptations during splitbelt treadmill locomotion. Our results speak to two important aspects of locomotor control. First, we have demonstrated that different levels of locomotor adaptability are clearly dissociable. Second, the cerebellum seems to play an essential role in predictive but not reactive locomotor adjustments. We postulate that reactive adjustments may instead be predominantly controlled by lower neural centers, such as the spinal cord or brainstem.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A wide range of previous studies converge to the cerebellum processes as the loci of internal forward models”
From The Cerebro-Cerebellum as a Locus of Forward Model: A Review (2020) · cites this paper as Morton and Bastian, 2006
Citations
Cites
Circular Statistics in Biology
Watson, G. S., & Batschelet, E. (1982) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1267831 · Cited by 4,573
Adaptive representation of dynamics during learning of a motor task
Shadmehr, R., & Mussa-Ivaldi, F. (1994) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-05-03208.1994 · Cited by 2,612
Trouillas, P., Takayanagi, T., Hallett, M., Currier, R. D., Subramony, S. H., Wessel, K., Bryer, A., Diener, H., Massaquoi, S. G., Gomez, C. M., et al. (1997) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(96)00231-6 · Cited by 1,281
The intrinsic factors in the act of progression in the mammal.
Brown, T. G. (1911) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Containing Papers of a Biological Character · doi:10.1098/rspb.1911.0077 · Cited by 1,215
Ito, M. (1989) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.12.030189.000505 · Cited by 1,167
Cerebrocerebellar communication systems.
Allen, G. I., & Tsukahara, N. (1974) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1974.54.4.957 · Cited by 1,084
Neurobiological Bases of Rhythmic Motor Acts in Vertebrates
Grillner, S. E. (1985) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3975635 · Cited by 1,080
The Cerebellum And The Adaptive Coordination Of Movement
Thach, W. T., Goodkin, H. P., & Keating, J. G. (1992) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.002155 · Cited by 1,058
Human cerebellar activity reflecting an acquired internal model of a new tool
Imamizu, H., Miyauchi, S., Tamada, T., Sasaki, Y., Takino, R., Pütz, B., Yoshioka, T., & Kawato, M. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35003194 · Cited by 1,000
Central pattern generators for locomotion, with special reference to vertebrates.
Grillner, S., & Wallén, P. (1985) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.08.030185.001313 · Cited by 849
On the central generation of locomotion in the low spinal cat
Grillner, S., & Zangger, P. (1979) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00235671 · Cited by 845
Evidence for a Spinal Central Pattern Generator in Humans a
Dimitrijevic, M. R., Gerasimenko, Y. P., & Pinter, M. M. (1998) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09062.x · Cited by 800
Beyond parallel fiber LTD: the diversity of synaptic and non-synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum
Hansel, C., Linden, D. J., & D'Angelo, E. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/87419 · Cited by 694
A computational model of four regions of the cerebellum based on feedback-error learning
Kawato, M., & Gomi, H. (1992) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/bf00201431 · Cited by 633
Phase dependent reflex reversal during walking in chronic spinal cats
Forssberg, H., Grillner, S., & Rossignol, S. (1975) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(75)91013-6 · Cited by 618
Martin, T. A., Keating, J. G., Goodkin, H. P., Bastian, A. J., & Thach, W. T. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.4.1199 · Cited by 585
Self-citationOn the initiation of the swing phase of locomotion in chronic spinal cats
Grillner, S., & Rossignol, S. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90973-3 · Cited by 570
Interlimb Coordination During Locomotion: What Can be Adapted and Stored?
Reisman, D. S., Block, H. J., & Bastian, A. J. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00089.2005 · Cited by 568
Self-citationInhibition of flexor burst generation by loading ankle extensor muscles in walking cats
Duysens, J., & Pearson, K. G. (1980) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(80)90206-1 · Cited by 548
Smith, M. A., & Shadmehr, R. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00943.2004 · Cited by 497
Neural networks that co-ordinate locomotion and body orientation in lamprey
Grillner, S. E., Deliagina, T. G., Manira, A. E., Hill, R. H., Orlovsky, G. N., Wallén, P., Ekeberg, Ö., & Lansner, A. (1995) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(95)80008-p · Cited by 449
Cerebellar control of postural scaling and central set in stance
Horak, F. B., & Diener, H. (1994) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1994.72.2.479 · Cited by 417
Adaptation to lateral displacement of vision in patients with lesions of the central nervous system
Weiner, M. J., Hallett, M., & Funkenstein, H. H. (1983) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.33.6.766 · Cited by 416
Proprioceptive regulation of locomotion
Pearson, K. G. (1995) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0959-4388(95)80107-3 · Cited by 415
Mechanisms of motor learning in the cerebellum11Published on the World Wide Web on 24 November 2000.
Ito, M. (2000) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03142-5 · Cited by 394
Involuntary stepping after chronic spinal cord injury
Calancie, B. M., Needham-Shropshire, B. M., Jacobs, P. L., Willer, K., Zych, G. A., & Green, B. A. (1994) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/117.5.1143 · Cited by 364
The locomotion of the low spinal cat. II. Interlimb coordination
Forssberg, H., Grillner, S. E., Halbertsma, J. M., & Rossignol, S. (1980) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1980.tb06534.x · Cited by 358
Motor disorder in Huntington's disease begins as a dysfunction in error feedback control
Smith, M. A., Brandt, J., & Shadmehr, R. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35000576 · Cited by 352
Functional Localization in the Cerebellum
Chambers, W. W. (1955) · A M A Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1955.02330180071008 · Cited by 332
McCormick, D. A., Steinmetz, J. E., & Thompson, R. F. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)91419-2 · Cited by 327
Chambers, W. W., & Sprague, J. M. (1955) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901030107 · Cited by 291
Maschke, M., Gomez, C. M., Ebner, T. J., & Konczak, J. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00557.2003 · Cited by 258
Neural Adaptation in the Generation of Rhythmic Behavior
Pearson, K. G. (2000) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.723 · Cited by 251
Supraspinal contributions to the initiation and control of locomotion in the cat
Armstrong, D. M. (1986) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(86)90021-3 · Cited by 236
Human neuronal interlimb coordination during split-belt locomotion
Dietz, V., Zijlstra, W., & Duysens, J. (1994) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00227344 · Cited by 229
Control of Sensory Data Acquisition
Bower, J. M. (1997) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60367-0 · Cited by 222
Contribution of Feedback and Feedforward Strategies to Locomotor Adaptations
Lam, T., Anderschitz, M., & Dietz, V. (2006) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00473.2005 · Cited by 202
Pang, M. Y. C., & Yang, J. F. (2000) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00389.x · Cited by 198
Andersson, G., & Armstrong, D. M. (1987) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016487 · Cited by 190
Functional Organization of the Dorsal Spino‐Cerebellar Tract in the Cat
Laporte, Y., Lundberg, A., & OSCARSSON, O. (1956) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1956.tb01316.x · Cited by 159
Cerebellar Subjects Show Impaired Adaptation of Anticipatory EMG During Catching
Lang, C. E., & Bastian, A. J. (1999) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2108 · Cited by 158
Self-citationRelative Contributions of Balance and Voluntary Leg-Coordination Deficits to Cerebellar Gait Ataxia
Morton, S. M., & Bastian, A. J. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00787.2002 · Cited by 157
Self-citationNitric oxide plays a key role in adaptive control of locomotion in cat
Yanagihara, D., & Kondo, I. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.23.13292 · Cited by 150
Neural networks that co-ordinate locomotion and body orientation in lamprey
Grillner, S. (1995) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(95)93914-j · Cited by 149
Eccles, J. C., OSCARSSON, O., & Willis, W. D. (1961) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1961.sp006783 · Cited by 130
Lou, J., & Bloedel, J. R. (1992) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1992.68.2.570 · Cited by 116
Reference Frames for Spinal Proprioception: Limb Endpoint Based or Joint-Level Based?
Bosco, G., Poppele, R. E., & Eian, J. (2000) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2000.83.5.2931 · Cited by 112
Arshavsky, Y. I., Orlovsky, G. N., Panchin, Y. V., Roberts, A., & Soffe, S. R. (1993) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(93)90161-e · Cited by 112
Bilateral coordination in human infants: Stepping on a split-belt treadmill.
Thelen, E., Ulrich, B. D., & Niles, D. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.13.3.405 · Cited by 111
Sprague, J. M., & Chambers, W. W. (1953) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1953.16.5.451 · Cited by 110
Lennard, P. R., & Stein, P. S. G. (1977) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1977.40.4.768 · Cited by 108
Rossignol, S., Chau, C. W., Brustein, E., Giroux, N., Bouyer, L. J., Barbeau, H., & Reader, T. A. (1998) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09061.x · Cited by 107
Selection and Coordination of Human Locomotor Forms Following Cerebellar Damage
Earhart, G. M., & Bastian, A. J. (2001) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2001.85.2.759 · Cited by 106
Self-citationRossignol, S., Drew, T., Brustein, E., & Jiang, W. (1999) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62870-8 · Cited by 105
Infant stepping: a window to the behaviour of the human pattern generator for walking
Yang, J. F., Lam, T., Pang, M. Y. C., Vasudevan, E. V. L., Musselman, K. E., & Seinen, E. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y04-070 · Cited by 90
Clinical Evidence for Functional Compartmentalization of the Cerebellum
DICHGANS, J., & Diener, H. (1984) · Proceedings in life sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-69980-1_9 · Cited by 82
Representation of Multiple Kinematic Parameters of the Cat Hindlimb in Spinocerebellar Activity
Bosco, G., & Poppele, R. E. (1997) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1997.78.3.1421 · Cited by 72
Functional Organization of the Dorsal Spino‐Cerebellar Tract in the Cat
Lundberg, A., & OSCARSSON, O. (1957) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1957.tb00173.x · Cited by 72
Transient Disturbances to One Limb Produce Coordinated, Bilateral Responses During Infant Stepping
Yang, J. F., Stephens, M. J., & Vishram, R. (1998) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1998.79.5.2329 · Cited by 68
Predictive and reactive finger force control during catching in cerebellar degeneration
Nowak, D., Hermsdörfer, J., Rost, K., Timmann, D., & Topka, H. (2004) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1080/14734220410019057 · Cited by 68
Interlimb coordination in cat locomotion investigated with perturbation
Matsukawa, K., Kamei, H., Minoda, K., & Masao, U. D. O. (1982) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00238637 · Cited by 56
Yanagihara, D., Masao, U. D. O., Kondo, I., & Yoshida, T. (1993) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/0168-0102(93)90060-4 · Cited by 56
Roberts, A., Tunstall, M. J., & Wolf, E. (1995) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1995.73.2.485 · Cited by 51
Functional Organization of the Dorsal Spino‐Cerebellar Tract in the Cat
Lundberg, A., & Winsbury, G. J. (1960) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1960.tb01940.x · Cited by 46
Yanagihara, D., & Masao, U. D. O. (1994) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/0168-0102(94)90150-3 · Cited by 43
Effects of motivational conflicts on visually elicited saccades in monkeys
Watanabe, K., Lauwereyns, J., & Hikosaka, O. (2003) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1555-9 · Cited by 40
[Interaction of symmetric extremities during controlled locomotion].
Kulagin, A. S., & Shik, M. L. (1970) · PubMed · Cited by 37
Shimansky, Y. P., Wang, J., Bauer, R. A., Bracha, V., & Bloedel, J. R. (2004) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1713-0 · Cited by 28
Dorsal spinocerebellar tract neurons respond to contralateral limb stepping
Poppele, R. E., Rankin, A., & Eian, J. (2003) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1378-8 · Cited by 27
Lachman, L., Swartz, C. J., Urbányi, T., & Cooper, J. (1960) · Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Scientific ed ) · doi:10.1002/jps.3030490312 · Cited by 16
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Morton, 2004, Cerebellar adaptation of locomotion: impaired adaptation during split-belt but not coupled treadmill locomotion, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 30, 415
- 10.1037/0096-1523.13.3.405 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Principles of sensorimotor learning
Wolpert, D. M., Diedrichsen, J., & Flanagan, J. R. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3112 · Cited by 1,391
Sensory prediction errors drive cerebellum-dependent adaptation of reaching
Tseng, Y.-W., Diedrichsen, J., Krakauer, J. W., Shadmehr, R., & Bastian, A. J. (2007) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00266.2007 · Cited by 883
Self-citationLearning to predict the future: the cerebellum adapts feedforward movement control
Bastian, A. J. (2006) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2006.08.016 · Cited by 678
Self-citationKrakauer, J. W., Hadjiosif, A. M., Xu, J., Wong, A. L., & Haith, A. M. (2019) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c170043 · Cited by 918
Locomotor adaptation on a split-belt treadmill can improve walking symmetry post-stroke
Reisman, D. S., Wityk, R. J., Silver, K., & Bastian, A. J. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm035 · Cited by 545
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Morton, S. M., & Bastian, A. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2006-09-06
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 36
- Pages
- 9107-9116
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6674518
- OpenAlex
- W2098424142
- Cited by
- 619
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 6.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD040289)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- cerebellum, locomotor adaptation, cerebellar lesions, locomotion control
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Cerebellar Diseases, Cerebellum, Exercise Test, Female, Gait, Humans, Leg, Locomotion, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Skills, Task Performance and Analysis, Range of Motion, Articular
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
