Learning to predict the future: the cerebellum adapts feedforward movement control
Abstract
The role of the cerebellum in motor control and learning has been largely inferred from the effects of cerebellar damage. Recent work shows that cerebellar damage produces greater impairment of movements that require predictive as opposed to reactive control. This dissociation is consistent across many different types of movement. Predictive control is crucial for fast and ballistic movements, but impaired prediction can also affect slow movements, because of increased reliance on time-delayed feedback signals. The new findings are compatible with theories of cerebellar function, but still do not resolve whether the cerebellum operates by predicting the optimal motor commands or future sensory states. Prediction mechanisms must be learned and maintained through comparisons between predicted and observed outcomes. New results show that not all such error information is equivalent in driving cerebellar learning.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A wide range of previous studies converge to the cerebellum processes as the loci of internal forward models.
“A wide range of previous studies converge to the cerebellum processes as the loci of internal forward models”
From The Cerebro-Cerebellum as a Locus of Forward Model: A Review (2020) · cites this paper as Bastian, 2006
Cites
Marr, D. (1969) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008820 · Cited by 3,253 · see citing works
Is the cerebellum a Smith predictor?
Miall, R. C., Weir, D. J., Wolpert, D. M., & Stein, J. F. (1993) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.1993.9942050 · Cited by 1,071 · see citing works
Cerebellar contributions to locomotor adaptations during splitbelt treadmill walking
Morton, S. M., & Bastian, A. J. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2622-06.2006 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, M. A., & Shadmehr, R. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00943.2004 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Inverse-dynamics model eye movement control by Purkinje cells in the cerebellum
Shidara, M., Kawano, K., Gomi, H., & Kawato, M. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/365050a0 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Influence of vision on upper limb reaching movements in patients with cerebellar ataxia
Day, B. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.2.357 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sensorimotor synchronization: a review of recent research (2006–2012).
Repp, B. H., & Su, Y.-H. (2013) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-012-0371-2 · Cited by 1,204 · see citing works
Autism as a disorder of prediction
Sinha, P., Kjelgaard, M. M., Gandhi, T. K., Tsourides, K., Cardinaux, A. L., Pantazis, D., Diamond, S. P., & Held, R. M. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1416797111 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Disruption of state estimation in the human lateral cerebellum
Miall, R. C., Christensen, L. O. D., Cain, O., & Stanley, J. (2007) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050316 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Model-Based and Model-Free Mechanisms of Human Motor Learning
Haith, A. M., & Krakauer, J. W. (2013) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5465-6_1 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Learning to expect the unexpected: rapid updating in primate cerebellum during voluntary self-motion
Brooks, J. X., Carriot, J., & Cullen, K. E. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4077 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Cerebellum, Predictions and Errors
Popa, L. S., & Ebner, T. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00524 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Cerebellum and Detection of Sequences, from Perception to Cognition
Molinari, M., Chiricozzi, F. R., Clausi, S., Tedesco, A. M., De Lisa, M., & Leggio, M. G. (2008) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-008-0060-x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The Cerebro-Cerebellum as a Locus of Forward Model: A Review
Tanaka, H., Ishikawa, T., Lee, J., & Kakei, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2020.00019 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The role of cerebellar circuitry alterations in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders
Mosconi, M. W., Wang, Z., Schmitt, L. M., Tsai, P., & Sweeney, J. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00296 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Hewitt, A. L., Popa, L. S., Pasalar, S., Hendrix, C. M., & Ebner, T. J. (2011) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00886.2010 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
What features of limb movements are encoded in the discharge of cerebellar neurons?
Ebner, T. J., Hewitt, A. L., & Popa, L. S. (2011) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-010-0243-0 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Higher iron in the red nucleus marks Parkinson's dyskinesia
Lewis, M. M., Du, G., Kidacki, M., Patel, N., Shaffer, M. L., Mailman, R. B., & Huang, X. (2013) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.10.025 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Neural evidence of the cerebellum as a state predictor
Tanaka, H., Ishikawa, T., & Kakei, S. (2019) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-018-0996-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Memari, A. H., Ghanouni, P., Gharibzadeh, S., Eghlidi, J., Ziaee, V., & Moshayedi, P. (2013) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2012.09.010 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Modeling the evolution of cortico‐cerebellar systems in primates
Smaers, J. B., Steele, J., & Zilles, K. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06003.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Contribution of the cerebellum to predictive motor control and its evaluation in ataxic patients
Kakei, S., Lee, J., Mitoma, H., Tanaka, H., Manto, M., & Hampe, C. S. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00216 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Adaptive processing in electrosensory systems: Links to cerebellar plasticity and learning
Sawtell, N. B., & Bell, C. C. (2008) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2008.10.009 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bastian, A. J.
- Affiliations
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bastian, Amy J
- ORCID
- Bastian, Amy J
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 645-649
- ISSN
- 0959-4388 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2127934730
- Cited by
- 678
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 1.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD040289, HD-040289, HD04741)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vestibular and auditory disorders
- Keywords
- cerebellum, predictive control, cerebellar lesions, motor learning, error signal, delayed feedback, ballistic movements, cerebellar function
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Cerebellar Ataxia, Cerebellum, Feedback, Humans, Learning, Movement, Neural Pathways, Psychomotor Performance, Volition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
