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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Sleep Improves Declarative Memory
Open accessAbstract
In humans, weak transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates excitability in the motor, visual, and prefrontal cortex. Periods rich in slow-wave sleep (SWS) not only facilitate the consolidation of declarative memories, but in humans, SWS is also accompanied by a pronounced endogenous transcortical DC potential shift of negative polarity over frontocortical areas. To experimentally induce widespread extracellular negative DC potentials, we applied anodal tDCS (0.26 mA) [correction] repeatedly (over 30 min) bilaterally at frontocortical electrode sites during a retention period rich in SWS. Retention of declarative memories (word pairs) and also nondeclarative memories (mirror tracing skills) learned previously was tested after this period and compared with retention performance after placebo stimulation as well as after retention intervals of wakefulness. Compared with placebo stimulation, anodal tDCS during SWS-rich sleep distinctly increased the retention of word pairs (p < 0.005). When applied during the wake retention interval, tDCS did not affect declarative memory. Procedural memory was also not affected by tDCS. Mood was improved both after tDCS during sleep and during wake intervals. tDCS increased sleep depth toward the end of the stimulation period, whereas the average power in the faster frequency bands (,alpha, and beta) was reduced. Acutely, anodal tDCS increased slow oscillatory activity <3 Hz. We conclude that effects of tDCS involve enhanced generation of slow oscillatory EEG activity considered to facilitate processes of neuronal plasticity. Shifts in extracellular ionic concentration in frontocortical tissue (expressed as negative DC potentials during SWS) may facilitate sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memories.
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“In humans, tDCS that oscillated at a very low frequency (0.003 Hz; 30-s on/30-s off) and was applied to the prefrontal cortex during early noctur-nal non-REM sleep, increased endogenous SWA, and produced a significant improvement in the overnight retention of word pair memories (785).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [785]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“By using transcranial oscillating direct current stimulation (toDCS) at 0.75 Hz during SWS in young healthy adults, Marshall and colleagues increased SO power, resulting in boosted sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memory [32,33].”
In the citing paper
“As shown by Marshall and colleagues, frontally applied anodal toDCS in healthy adults can remarkably improve the sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memory [32,33].”
In the citing paper
“While healthy adults [32,33], adults suffering from schizophrenia [56], and children with ADHD benefited from toDCS during sleep, elderly healthy participants did not [57].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Marshall, L., Mölle, M., Hallschmid, M., & Born, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2004-11-03
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 44
- Pages
- 9985-9992
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6730231
- OpenAlex
- W2097201141
- Cited by
- 548
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 6.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (MA 2053, BO 854)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- transcranial direct current stimulation, sleep, slow-wave sleep, declarative memory, memory consolidation, anodal tDCS, slow oscillations, procedural memory, mirror tracing, mood, sleep depth, neuroplasticity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Double-Blind Method, Electric Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Humans, Male, Memory, Paired-Associate Learning, Mental Recall, Sleep, Sleep Stages, Wakefulness, Polysomnography, Cross-Over Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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