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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Sleep Improves Declarative Memory
Open accessAbstract
In humans, weak transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates excitability in the motor, visual, and prefrontal cortex. Periods rich in slow-wave sleep (SWS) not only facilitate the consolidation of declarative memories, but in humans, SWS is also accompanied by a pronounced endogenous transcortical DC potential shift of negative polarity over frontocortical areas. To experimentally induce widespread extracellular negative DC potentials, we applied anodal tDCS (0.26 mA) [correction] repeatedly (over 30 min) bilaterally at frontocortical electrode sites during a retention period rich in SWS. Retention of declarative memories (word pairs) and also nondeclarative memories (mirror tracing skills) learned previously was tested after this period and compared with retention performance after placebo stimulation as well as after retention intervals of wakefulness. Compared with placebo stimulation, anodal tDCS during SWS-rich sleep distinctly increased the retention of word pairs (p < 0.005). When applied during the wake retention interval, tDCS did not affect declarative memory. Procedural memory was also not affected by tDCS. Mood was improved both after tDCS during sleep and during wake intervals. tDCS increased sleep depth toward the end of the stimulation period, whereas the average power in the faster frequency bands (,alpha, and beta) was reduced. Acutely, anodal tDCS increased slow oscillatory activity <3 Hz. We conclude that effects of tDCS involve enhanced generation of slow oscillatory EEG activity considered to facilitate processes of neuronal plasticity. Shifts in extracellular ionic concentration in frontocortical tissue (expressed as negative DC potentials during SWS) may facilitate sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memories.
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“As shown by Marshall and colleagues, frontally applied anodal toDCS in healthy adults can remarkably improve the sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memory [32,33].”
From Transcranial oscillatory direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory consolidation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder to a level comparable to healthy controls (2014) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In humans, tDCS that oscillated at a very low frequency (0.003 Hz; 30-s on/30-s off) and was applied to the prefrontal cortex during early noctur-nal non-REM sleep, increased endogenous SWA, and produced a significant improvement in the overnight retention of word pair memories (785).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [785]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“By using transcranial oscillating direct current stimulation (toDCS) at 0.75 Hz during SWS in young healthy adults, Marshall and colleagues increased SO power, resulting in boosted sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memory [32,33].”
In the citing paper
“While healthy adults [32,33], adults suffering from schizophrenia [56], and children with ADHD benefited from toDCS during sleep, elderly healthy participants did not [57].”
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Citations
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Sorted by citations
Transcranial direct current stimulation: State of the art 2008
Nitsche, M. A., Cohen, L. G., Wassermann, E. M., Priori, A., Lang, N., Antal, A., Paulus, W., Hummel, F., Boggio, P. S., Fregni, F., et al. (2008) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2008.06.004 · Cited by 3,057
Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2012 · Cited by 2,783
“Spindles are also present during SWS and superimposed on delta activity, and then form less clearly discrete spindles (38, 53, 303, 426, 440, 442, 785, 1083, 1221, 1355).”
BackgroundMethodEvidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
Lefaucheur, J., Antal, A., Ayache, S. S., Benninger, D. H., Brunelin, J., Cogiamanian, F. M., Cotelli, M., Ridder, D. D., Ferrucci, R., Langguth, B., et al. (2016) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.087 · Cited by 1,968
Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory
Marshall, L., Helgadóttir, H., Mölle, M., & Born, J. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05278 · Cited by 1,792
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Metadata
- Authors
- Marshall, L., Mölle, M., Hallschmid, M., & Born, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2004-11-03
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 44
- Pages
- 9985-9992
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6730231
- OpenAlex
- W2097201141
- Cited by
- 548
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 6.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (MA 2053, BO 854)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- transcranial direct current stimulation, sleep, slow-wave sleep, declarative memory, memory consolidation, anodal tDCS, slow oscillations, procedural memory, mirror tracing, mood, sleep depth, neuroplasticity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Double-Blind Method, Electric Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Humans, Male, Memory, Paired-Associate Learning, Mental Recall, Sleep, Sleep Stages, Wakefulness, Polysomnography, Cross-Over Studies
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