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Internal and External Influences on the Rate of Sensory Evidence Accumulation in the Human Brain
Open accessAbstract
We frequently need to make timely decisions based on sensory evidence that is weak, ambiguous, or noisy resulting from conditions in the external environment (e.g., a cluttered visual scene) or within the brain itself (e.g., inattention, neural noise). Here we examine how externally and internally driven variations in the quality of sensory evidence affect the build-to-threshold dynamics of a supramodal “decision variable” signal and, hence, the timing and accuracy of decision reports in humans. Observers performed a continuous-monitoring version of the prototypical two-alternative dot-motion discrimination task, which is known to strongly benefit from sequential sampling and temporal accumulation of evidence. A centroparietal positive potential (CPP), which we previously established as a supramodal decision signal based on its invariance to motor or sensory parameters, exhibited two key identifying properties associated with the “decision variable” long described in sequential sampling models: (1) its buildup rate systematically scaled with sensory evidence strength across four levels of motion coherence, consistent with temporal integration; and (2) its amplitude reached a stereotyped level at the moment of perceptual report executions, consistent with a boundary-crossing stopping criterion. The buildup rate of the CPP also strongly predicted reaction time within coherence levels (i.e., independent of physical evidence strength), and this endogenous variation was linked with attentional fluctuations indexed by the level of parieto-occipital α-band activity preceding target onset. In tandem with the CPP, build-to-threshold dynamics were also observed in an effector-selective motor preparation signal; however, the buildup of this motor-specific process significantly lagged that of the supramodal process.
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“This suggests that the P3 may encode motivationally significant events, which, in the present study, were the saliently colored/ethnic Black hands during SRC processing, potentially contributing to a dynamic decision process of linking perception to action31,42–45”
From Event-related potentials of automatic imitation are modulated by ethnicity during stimulus processing, but not during motor execution (2018) · cites this paper as [43]
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“It has been suggested that the role of the P3 component lies in bridging stimulus perception and response execution31,44 in a dynamically evolving decision process, linking sensory encoding of stimulus perception to the preparation of action42,43,45, and/or response control44.”
From Event-related potentials of automatic imitation are modulated by ethnicity during stimulus processing, but not during motor execution (2018) · cites this paper as [43]
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Items 201–300 of 455
Assessing the state of consciousness for individual patients using complex, statistical stimuli
Górska, U., Rupp, A., Celikel, T., & Englitz, B. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102471 · Cited by 12
“Recent studies had debated the relation of the P3 activity (which appears quite related to centro-parietal positivity (CPP) activity; (Boubenec et al., 2017; Górska et al., 2018; Kelly and O’Connell, 2013; O’Connell et al., 2012) with consciousness: earlier studies (Bekinschtein”
Sailer, U., Wurm, F., & Pfabigan, D. M. (2023) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02255-6 · Cited by 12
“…be reliably linked to drift diffusion modelling processes and parameters such as evidence accumulation, drift rate, or boundary stopping criteria (Kelly & O’Connell, 2013), which could be of particular interest when aiming to replicate the boundary separation effect observed in the happy face…”
BackgroundFlexible adaptation of task-positive brain networks predicts efficiency of evidence accumulation
Weigard, A. S., Angstadt, M., Taxali, A., Heathcote, A., Heitzeg, M. M., & Sripada, C. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06506-w · Cited by 19
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“…hand, is a positive-going event-related potential (ERP) that evolves with the same evidence-dependent, build-to-peak accumulation dynamics as MBL during decision-making tasks with continuous sensory evidence streams for any sensory modality 11 , and slightly in advance of motor preparation 17 .”
Self-citationYazd, M. F., Kasten, F. H., Altaş, G., Aleman, A., Ćurĉić‐Blake, B., & Herrmann, C. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.602437 · Cited by 11
Rangelov, D., West, R. K., & Mattingley, J. B. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2459-20.2021 · Cited by 13
“…2017; O’Connell et al., 2018) and neural levels (Shadlen and Newsome, 1996, 2001; Philiastides and Sajda, 2006; Churchland et al., 2008; O’Connell et al., 2012; Kelly and O’Connell, 2013), much less is known about how observers integrate two (or more) distinct sources of evidence into one decision.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNeural correlates of confidence during decision formation in a perceptual judgment task
Ko, Y. H., Zhou, A., Nießen, E., Stähl, J., Weiss, P. H., Hester, R., Bode, S., & Feuerriegel, D. (2024) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2024.01.006 · Cited by 14
Graded decisions in the human brain
Xie, T., Adamek, M., Cho, H., Adamo, M. A., Ritaccio, A., Willie, J. T., Brunner, P., & Kubanek, J. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-48342-w · Cited by 11
Trial-by-trial detection of cognitive events in neural time-series
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Extended Cognitive Load Induces Fast Neural Responses Leading to Commission Errors
Taddeini, F., Avvenuti, G., Vergani, A. A., Carpaneto, J., Setti, F., Bergamo, D., Fiorini, L., Pietrini, P., Ricciardi, E., Bernardi, G., et al. (2025) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0354-24.2024 · Cited by 10
“To analyze the functional underpinnings of FTs (see Results), we computed the response-locked ERPs of FTs and STs in hits trials in a time window of − 500 to +500 ms. Baseline correction for both FTs and STs was applied using the signal from − 100 ms to stimulus onset (Kelly and O ’ Connell, 2013).”
A Movement-Independent Signature of Urgency during Human Perceptual Decision-Making
McCone, H., Devine, C. A., McNickle, E., Dully, J., Geuzebroek, A. C., McGovern, D. P., Kelly, S. P., & O’Connell, R. G. (2026) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1445-25.2025 · Cited by 14
Self-citationGorka, A. X., Philips, R. T., Torrisi, S., Claudino, L., Foray, K., Grillon, C., & Monique Ernst, D. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.03.010 · Cited by 10
Brosnan, M. B., O'Neill, M., Loughnane, G. M., Pearce, D. J., Fleming, B., Zhou, S.-H., Chong, T. T. ‐., Nobre, A. C., O’Connell, R. G., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2260-21.2023 · Cited by 10
“, 2021), decisional (sensory evidence accumulation; Kelly and O’Connell, 2013; O’Connell et al., 2012; Kelly et al., 2021; Steinemann et al., 2018), and motoric (motor preparatory activity; Kelly et al.”
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Iemi, L., Gwilliams, L., Samaha, J., Auksztulewicz, R., Cycowicz, Y. M., King, J.-R., Nikulin, V. V., Thesen, T., Doyle, W., Devinsky, O., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433450 · Cited by 10
Respiration aligns perception with neural excitabilityPreprint
Kluger, D. S., Balestrieri, E., Busch, N. A., & Groß, J. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.436938 · Cited by 10
Improving models of pedestrian crossing behavior using neural signatures of decision-making
Ma, S., Yan, X., Billington, J., Leonetti, M., Merat, N., & Markkula, G. M. (2025) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2025.01.047 · Cited by 13
A response‐locking protocol to boost sensitivity for fMRI ‐based neurochronometry
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“This continuous stimulus display also avoided a confound between (a) the neural processes associated with the response onset and (b) processes evoked by the stimulus offset (also see Kelly & O'Connell, 2013).”
BackgroundTemporal scaling of human scalp-recorded potentials
Hassall, C. D., Harley, J., Kolling, N., & Hunt, L. T. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2214638119 · Cited by 9
Interpersonal alignment of neural evidence accumulation to social exchange of confidence
Esmaily, J., Zabbah, S., Bahrami, B., & Ebrahimpour, R. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.83722 · Cited by 10
Response modality-dependent categorical choice representations for vibrotactile comparisons
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Catecholaminergic neuromodulation and selective attention jointly shape perceptual decision-making
Nuiten, S. A., de Gee, J. W., Zantvoord, J. B., Fahrenfort, J. J., & van Gaal, S. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.87022 · Cited by 9
Prioritized neural processing of social threats during perceptual decision-making
Zein, M. E., Mennella, R., Sequestro, M., Meaux, E., Wyart, V., & Grèzes, J. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109951 · Cited by 9
“…that stimulus evidence is encoded over associative, cen-troparietal regions (CPP, gradual buildup starting from 170 ms after stimulus onset) and over motor regions (lateralized readiness potential - LRP, gradual buildup from 320 ms, both CCP and LRP peak around 400-500 ms, 28,29 see also 30–36 ).”
Newman, D. P., Loughnane, G. M., Abe, R., Zoratti, M. T. R., Martins, A. C. P., van den Bogert, P. C., Kelly, S. P., O’Connell, R. G., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.09.017 · Cited by 9
“The task was divided into discrete trials but in line with Kelly and O’Connell (2013), the dots moved incoherently upon initial presentation and coherent motion (the ‘target’) was then introduced after a random delay via a seamless step transition from incoherent to coherent motion.”
MethodSelf-citationBitzer, S., Park, H., Maeß, B., von Kriegstein, K., & Kiebel, S. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00009 · Cited by 9
“Furthermore, when human participants have to detect the presence of stimuli in noise, a centro-parietal positivity shows the characteristics of an evidence-dependent build-up independently of the type of stimulus used and the kind of response made (O’Connell et al., 2012; Kelly and O’Connell, 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDecoding Adaptive Visuomotor Behavior Mediated by Non-linear Phase Coupling in Macaque Area MT
Khamechian, M. B., & Daliri, M. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00230 · Cited by 9
Fearon, C., Butler, J., Waechter, S. M., Killane, I., Kelly, S., Reilly, R., & Lynch, T. (2020) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-020-05968-8 · Cited by 8
“In contrast, our measure of executive function, the CPP response, is robust in the face of dualtask interference for all groups.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationDifferent learning algorithms achieve shared optimal outcomes in humans, rats, and micePreprint
Menichini, E., Pajot-Moric, Q., Low, R. J., Pedrosa, V., Pourdehghan, A., Vincent, P., Zhou, L., Teachen, L., & Akrami, A. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.526119 · Cited by 11
Revisiting Neurological Aspects of Relevance: An EEG Study
Pinkosova, Z., McGeown, W. J., & Moshfeghi, Y. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25891-6_41 · Cited by 8
The representation of priors and decisions in the human parietal cortex
Marshall, T. R., Ruesseler, M., Hunt, L. T., & O’Reilly, J. X. (2024) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002383 · Cited by 12
Nuiten, S. A., de Gee, J. W., Zantvoord, J. B., Fahrenfort, J. J., & van Gaal, S. (2024) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0019-24.2024 · Cited by 8
“To examine response-locked evidence accumulation signals (i.e., CPP), we used electrodes CPz, Cp1, and Cp2 (O ’ Connell et al., 2012; Kelly and O ’ Connell, 2013; van Kempen et al., 2019; van Vugt et al., 2019; Nuiten et al., 2023), and we used electrodes Fz, F1, and F2 to examine frontal signals…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialCoupled oscillations orchestrate selective information transmission in visual cortex
Khamechian, M. B., Daliri, M. R., Treue, S., & Esghaei, M. (2024) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae288 · Cited by 7
“For this, we took advantage of the Random Search (Random Optimization) method using the following algorithm: We defined two constraint rules for maximizing the PAC difference and minimizing the difference in average reaction time.”
MethodInfluentialLatent Components of Event-Related Potentials in a Visual Cued Go/NoGo Task
Ponomarev, V. A., Пронина, М. В., & Kropotov, J. D. (2019) · Human Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0362119719050141 · Cited by 9
Action-related auditory ERP attenuation is not modulated by action effect relevance
Neszmélyi, B., & Horváth, J. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108029 · Cited by 8
Distractors Selectively Modulate Electrophysiological Markers of Perceptual Decisions
Zhou, S.-H., Loughnane, G. M., O'Connell, R., Bellgrove, M., & Chong, T. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01703 · Cited by 5
Self-citationAccumulation of Inertial Sensory Information in the Perception of Whole Body Yaw Rotation
Nesti, A., de Winkel, K. N., & Bülthoff, H. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170497 · Cited by 9
Rats optimally accumulate and discount evidence in a dynamic environmentPreprint
Piet, A. T., Hady, A. E., & Brody, C. D. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/204248 · Cited by 8
Manning, C., Hassall, C. D., Hunt, L. T., Norcia, A. M., Wagenmakers, E., Evans, N. J., & Scerif, G. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/s5r3m · Cited by 8
Neural Signatures of Evidence Accumulation Encode Subjective Perceptual ConfidencePreprint
Dou, W., Arango, L. J. M., Castaneda, O. G., Arellano, L., Mcintyre, E., Yballa, C., & Samaha, J. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.04.28.538782 · Cited by 8
Stone, C., Mattingley, J. B., Bode, S., & Rangelov, D. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae179 · Cited by 10
Broadscale dampening of uncertainty adjustment in the aging brain
Kosciessa, J. Q., Mayr, U., Lindenberger, U., & Garrett, D. D. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55416-2 · Cited by 7
Noble, S.-C., Woods, E., Ward, T. E., & Ringwood, J. V. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad2c9e · Cited by 7
“In this continuous RDM task, based on [29, 47], participants observed randomly moving dots on a computer screen, where a fraction of the dots moves coherently in one direction (left or right) at certain times.”
Zhao, S., Skerritt-Davis, B., Elhilali, M., Dick, F., & Maria Chait, A. (2024) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102696 · Cited by 11
The Neurodynamic Decision Variable in Human Multi-alternative Perceptual Choice
Kohl, C., Spieser, L., Förster, B., Bestmann, S., & Yarrow, K. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01347 · Cited by 6
“…manipulations of difficulty typically affect evidence accumulation (Ho et al., 2009; Ratcliff & McKoon, 2008), as well as associated neural signals (Kelly & O’Connell, 2013; Roitman & Shadlen, 2002), including smoothed MEP signals like the ones used here (Hadar et al., 2016; Spieser et al., 2018).”
Luo, C., & Ding, N. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116870 · Cited by 7
Paluch, K., Jurewicz, K., & Wróbel, A. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01648 · Cited by 6
“In particular, P3 wave has been repeatedly reported as reflecting this parameter of DDM (Kelly & O’Connell, 2013; O’Connell et al., 2012).”
BackgroundYu, S., Wang, N.-N., Hu, Q., Dang, P., Chang, S., Huang, X., Su, R., Li, H., Zhou, J. W., Ma, H., et al. (2023) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.04.025 · Cited by 7
Unpredictability impairs goal-directed target processing and performance
Dieterich, R., Endraß, T., Kathmann, N., & Weinberg, A. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.01.007 · Cited by 8
Frömer, R., & Shenhav, A. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/609198 · Cited by 6
Response Time Distributions and the Accumulation of Visual Evidence in Freely Moving Mice
Treviño, M., y León, R. M., & Lezama, E. (2022) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.08.015 · Cited by 7
Deakin, J., Schofield, A. J., & Heinke, D. G. (2024) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e26080642 · Cited by 6
Noble, S.-C., Woods, E., Ward, T. E., & Ringwood, J. V. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/46135 · Cited by 6
“The continuous RDM task is based on Arvaneh et al [17] and Kelly and O’Connell [33].”
Hierarchical effects on target detection and conflict monitoring
Cao, B., Gao, F., Ren, M., & Li, F. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep32234 · Cited by 6
Spadone, S., Tosoni, A., Penna, S. D., & Sestieri, C. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119345 · Cited by 6
Common neural choice signals can emerge artifactually amidst multiple distinct value signalsPreprint
Frömer, R., Nassar, M. R., Ehinger, B., & Shenhav, A. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502393 · Cited by 6
A parameter recovery assessment of a wide class of evidence accumulation models of decision-makingPreprint
Murrow, M., & Holmes, W. R. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4722049/v1 · Cited by 8
Zhan, B., Chen, Y., Wang, R., & Jiang, Y. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.111716 · Cited by 7
Uncovering Dynamical Equations of Stochastic Decision Models Using Data-Driven SINDy Algorithm
Lenfesty, B., Bhattacharyya, S., & Wong‐Lin, K. (2025) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_01736 · Cited by 5
Pedestrian decision-making uncertainty in urgent scenarios modulates multi-level, neural hierarchies
Li, Q., Liu, S., Shang, S., Li, B., Gao, X., Wang, J., & Nie, B. (2025) · Cell Reports Physical Science · doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.102401 · Cited by 5
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Wang, Y., Yan, J., Yin, Z., Ren, S., Dong, M., Zheng, C., Zhang, W., & Liang, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.665084 · Cited by 6
Voola, M. W. R., Nguyen, A. T., Marinovic, W., Rajan, G. P., & Távora‐Vieira, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.983498 · Cited by 5
“If this decisionmaking hypothesis is true, then it is expected that during more complex tasks, when decisions demand greater higher order processing, P3b amplitude will be larger and latency will be delayed (Polich, 2007; Kelly and O’Connell, 2013).”
BackgroundGu, B., Liu, B., Beltrán, D., & de Vega, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1154442 · Cited by 5
“According to previous studies, P3 could be closely related to decision-making (O’Connell et al., 2012; Kelly and O’Connell, 2013; Twomey et al., 2015) as well as event categorization (Kok, 2001; Polich, 2007) processes, which are in line with the characteristics of the task used in our ERP recording session, where the…”
ResultWang, J., Su, Y., & Liao, P. (2023) · KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12205-023-1602-y · Cited by 5
“According to cognitive neuroscience, the degree of human cognition is closely related to the intensity of brain activities (Kelly and O’Connell, 2013).”
BackgroundZajkowski, W. K., Krzemiński, D., Barone, J., Evans, L. H., & Zhang, J. (2020) · Computational Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1007/s42113-020-00096-6 · Cited by 8
Alpha/beta power compresses time in sub-second temporal judgmentsPreprint
van Viegen, T., Charest, I., Jensen, O. B., & Mazaheri, A. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/224386 · Cited by 5
Temporal expectation hastens decision onset but does not affect evidence qualityPreprint
van den Brink, R. L., Murphy, P. R., Desender, K., de Ru, N., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.926337 · Cited by 5
“Target detection is associated with an electrophysiological signature of decision-making Previous work has identified an electrophysiological signature of evidence accumulation during decision-making tasks: a supramodal, centroparietal positivity (CPP) in the event-related potential that exhibits the typical dynamics…”
BackgroundMethodResultTemporal scaling of human scalp-recorded potentialsPreprint
Hassall, C. D., Harley, J., Kolling, N., & Hunt, L. T. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.421180 · Cited by 5
Neural population dynamics in dorsal premotor cortex underlying a reach decisionPreprint
Boucher, P. O., Wang, T., Carceroni, L., Kane, G. A., Shenoy, K. V., & Chandrasekaran, C. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.06.30.497070 · Cited by 5
“, 2008), and humans (Pereira et al., 10 2021; Kelly and O’Connell, 2013) has attempted to understand the neural basis for decision-making.”
BackgroundKopčanová, M., Ince, R. A. A., & Benwell, C. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537831 · Cited by 6
Understanding Perceptual Decisions by Studying Development and Neurodiversity
Manning, C., & Scerif, G. (2023) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214231162369 · Cited by 4
“…decision-related component is separable and distinguishable from upstream sensory signals: it predicted response time even when the strength of evidence was held constant, as well as scaling with motion coherence and increasing as a function of time (criteria set out by Kelly & O’Connell, 2013).”
Distinct audio and visual accumulators co-activate motor preparation for multisensory detection
Egan, J. M., Gomez‐Ramirez, M., Foxe, J. J., O’Connell, R. G., & Kelly, S. P. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02280-9 · Cited by 7
“…an evidence accumulation process whose output is transmitted to a thres-holded, effector-specific motor preparation level (with an observable delay 25 ), and this model architecture has been used to simultaneously capture behavioural patterns and dynamics of multiple neural decision signals…”
Self-citationLu, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, D., Li, D., & Luan, M. (2025) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-025-00685-8 · Cited by 4
“When sensory cues are ambiguous, prior expectations gain influence; when sensory evidence is clear, it dominates (Kelly & O’Connell, 2013).”
Moran, C. N., McGovern, D. P., Melnychuk, M., Smeaton, A. F., & Dockree, P. M. (2025) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70174 · Cited by 5
“Taken together, fluctuating performance was accompanied by a less robust response to target evolution and earlier, impulsive perceptual decision formation (see also Dockree et al. 2017; Kelly and O'Connell 2013; O'Connell et al. 2009).”
Manning, C. (2024) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218241264627 · Cited by 4
“The other was a sustained positive component that was maximal over centro-parietal electrodes, which had an amplitude that steadily rose prior to the response, resembling the centro-parietal positivity (Dmochowski & Norcia, 2015; Kelly & O’Connell, 2013).”
BackgroundMethodResultBehavioral and neural measures of confidence using a novel auditory pitch identification task
Tang, T., Samaha, J., & Peters, M. A. K. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299784 · Cited by 4
When do we find a third neural response to visual symmetry?
Tyson‐Carr, J., Bertamini, M., Rampone, G., Jones, A., & Makin, A. D. J. (2024) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.014 · Cited by 4
Asadpour, A., & Wong‐Lin, K. (2025) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00441 · Cited by 4
“This finding is consistent with previous research that has identified the CPP as a neural correlate of the accumulation of evidence during perceptual decision-making processes 38–40 .”
ResultElectrophysiology of goal-directed versus habitual control during outcome devaluation
Yousuf, M., Heldmann, M., Münte, T. F., & Doñamayor, N. (2019) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.08.002 · Cited by 5
Uncovering the effects of bilingual language control on rational decisions: An ERP study
Liu, D., Schwieter, J. W., Wang, F., Mu, L., & Liu, H. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14066 · Cited by 4
Liu, D., Schwieter, J. W., Liu, W., Mu, L., & Liu, H. (2022) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-022-09867-2 · Cited by 4
“…encoding or motivational significance of the eliciting stimuli (Polich 2007); Late Positive Potential (LPP) is associated with long-term learning (Panitz et al. 2015) and may influence response conflict when determining choices (Kelly and O’Connell 2013; Murphy et al. 2015; O’Connell et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSpatiotemporal Characteristics and Modulators of Perceptual Decision-Making in the Human Brain
Philiastides, M. G., Diaz, J. A., & Gherman, S. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805308-9.00011-7 · Cited by 4
Decoding the categorization of visual motion with magnetoencephalographyPreprint
Bekhti, Y., Gramfort, A., Zilber, N., & van Wassenhove, V. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/103044 · Cited by 4
Model-based learning deficits in compulsivity are linked to faulty representations of task structurePreprint
Seow, T. X. F., O’Connell, R. G., & Gillan, C. M. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.147447 · Cited by 4
Self-citationA neural decision signal during internal sampling from working memoryPreprint
van Ede, F., & Nobre, A. C. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.03.31.486618 · Cited by 4
“082 [M ± SE]; group-level evaluation: t(24) = 8.”
Ghaderi-Kangavari, A., Rad, J. A., & Nunez, M. D. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pqv2c · Cited by 4
A single evidence accumulation process informs perceptual choices and subsequent confidence reportsPreprint
Grogan, J. P., Vermeylen, L., Mannion, S. L., McCabe, C., Monakhovych, D., Desender, K., & O’Connell, R. G. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.05.658071 · Cited by 6
Self-citationEvent-related correlates of evolving trust evaluations
Snowden, A. W., Hancock, A. S., Buhusi, C. V., & Warren, C. M. (2022) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2022.2043935 · Cited by 3
“This finding does not align with the EA-P3 theory (Kelly & O’Connell, 2013; O’Connell et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLiu, Y., & Hu, C. (2023) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2023-1080 · Cited by 3
Endogenous Attention Affects Decision-related Neural Activity but Not Afferent Visual Responses
Morrow, A., Pilipenko, A., Turkovich, E., Sankaran, S., & Samaha, J. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_02239 · Cited by 3
“…signature of evidence accumulation called the central parietal positivity (CPP), which ramps up until a decision response is executed and does so at a rate that is sensitive to the strength of decision evidence, RT, accuracy, and confidence (Dou et al., 2024; Kelly & O ’ Connell, 2013, 2015).”
BackgroundThakur, S., Thakur, S., Rana, A., Kumar, P., Kumar, K., & Chen, C. (2025) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1002/widm.70040 · Cited by 3
Designing an artefact to help users make intervention decisions about their wellness
Gleasure, R., & Grace, A. (2016) · Journal of Decision System · doi:10.1080/12460125.2016.1187389 · Cited by 4
“The threshold-based mechanism for bottom-up change detection also makes it vulnerable to noise when the salience of other stimuli is high (Kelly & O’Connell, 2013; Smith & Ratcliff, 2004).”
BackgroundNeural correlates of perceptual texture change during active touch
Henderson, J. R., Mari, T., Hopkinson, A., Hewitt, D., Newton‐Fenner, A., Giesbrecht, T., Marshall, A., Stančák, A., & Fallon, N. B. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1197113 · Cited by 3
“The pre-transition period was selected as an active baseline instead of a pre-stimulus baseline with rest, as ongoing tactile perception provides a more naturalistic paradigm to investigate the complexities of sensory experience during perceptual change paradigms; this approach has been previously demonstrated in EEG…”
MethodScaltritti, M., Greatti, E., & Sulpizio, S. (2023) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108630 · Cited by 4
“, 2016), neurophysiological investigations on decision-making in humans have highlighted different signals that capture the dynamic evolution of putative decision variables accumulating evidence onto response alternatives (e.g., Donner et al., 2009; Kelly and O’Connell, 2013; O’Connell and Kelly, 2021; O’Connell et al…”
Oğuz, O. Ç., Aydın, B., & Ürgen, B. A. (2024) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2024.108380 · Cited by 3
Queirazza, F., Cavanagh, J., Philiastides, M. G., & Krishnadas, R. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.044 · Cited by 3
“…2016; Krajbich, Armel, & Rangel, 2010; Shadlen & Kiani, 2013; Verdonck, Loossens, & Philiastides, 2021) and their neural substrates (Balsdon, Verdonck, Loossens, & Philiastides, 2023; Franzen, Delis, De Sousa, Kayser, & Philiastides, 2020; Gherman & Philiastides, 2015; Kelly & O ’ Connell, 2013).”
InfluentialLi, H., Wang, X., Hämäläinen, T., & Meng, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1354051 · Cited by 3
“Numerous studies have shown that EEG can effectively track attention (Woodman and Luck, 1999; Heitz et al., 2010) and the temporal evolution of decision-making processes (Kelly and O’Connell, 2013; Van Vugt et al., 2014).”
BackgroundNeural mechanisms of metacognitive improvement under speed pressure
Stone, C., Mattingley, J., & Rangelov, D. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-07646-3 · Cited by 4
“Speci fi cally, we found that pre-decisional CPP amplitude was larger on correct trials, in line with greater evidence accumulation leading to improved behavioural performance 30,36 .”
InfluentialNeural Signature of Value-Based Sensorimotor Prioritization in Humans
Blangero, A., & Kelly, S. P. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1164-17.2017 · Cited by 5
Self-citationThe Relationship Between Pupil Diameter Data and Confidence in Multi-Stage Decisions
Vafaei, S., Ebrahimpour, R., & Zabbah, S. (2020) · The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam · doi:10.29252/shefa.8.4.70 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Kelly, S. P., & O'Connell, R. G.
- Affiliations
- City College of New York (US)
- ORCID
- Kelly, Simon P.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2013-12-11
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 50
- Pages
- 19434-19441
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6618757
- OpenAlex
- W2119976941
- Cited by
- 455
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 17
- FWCI
- 13.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Repository UCD (University College Dublin) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Trinity's Access to Research Output (TARA) (Trinity College Dublin) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- sensory evidence accumulation, sequential sampling, decision variables, motion coherence, temporal integration, boundary crossing, reaction time, alpha activity, attentional fluctuations, motor preparation, perceptual decision making
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Decision Making, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Neurological, Reaction Time
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