Infragranular sources of sustained local field potential responses in macaque primary visual cortex
Open accessAbstract
A local field potential (LFP) response can be measured throughout the visual cortex in response to the abrupt appearance of a visual stimulus. Averaging LFP responses to many stimulus presentations isolates transient, phase-locked components of the response that are consistent from trial to trial. However, stimulus responses are also composed of sustained components, which differ in their phase from trial to trial and therefore must be evaluated using other methods, such as computing the power of the response of each trial before averaging. Here, we investigate the basis of phase-locked and non-phase-locked LFP responses in the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey using a novel variant of current source density (CSD) analysis. We applied a linear array of electrode contacts spanning the thickness of the cortex to measure the LFP and compute band-limited CSD power to identify the laminar sites of persistent current exchange that may be the basis of sustained visual LFP responses. In agreement with previous studies, we found a short-latency phase-locked current sink, thought to correspond to thalamocortical input to layer 4C. In addition, we found a prominent non-phase-locked component of the CSD that persisted as long as the stimulus was physically present. The latter was relatively broadband, lasted throughout the stimulus presentation, and was centered ∼500 μm deeper than the initial current sink. These findings demonstrate a fundamental difference in the neural mechanisms underlying the initial and sustained processing of simple visual stimuli in the V1 microcircuit.
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Prediction error signals should rapidly decay as inference is formed.
“prediction error signals should rapidly decay as inference is formed”
From How Do Expectations Shape Perception? (2018) · cites this paper as [129]
The Introduction says phase-locked visual responses typically decay after a few hundred milliseconds, supporting the rapid-decay aspect. It does not identify those responses as prediction error signals or link their decay to inference being formed. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredConfirmed prediction signals should remain stable.
“while confirmed prediction signals should remain stable [129]”
From How Do Expectations Shape Perception? (2018) · cites this paper as [129]
The Results section on electrode positioning describes stable recordings and electrode placement, while the Results on sustained CSD responses describe visual-stimulus activity. Searches for confirmed predictions, prediction-error signals, and expected stimuli found no passage addressing whether confirmed prediction signals should remain stable. No page numbers were provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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- Authors
- Maier, A., Aura, C. J., & Leopold, D. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leopold, David A.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2011-02-09
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1971-1980
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3075009
- OpenAlex
- W1990308947
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (ZIA-MH002838)
- National Institute of Mental Health (Z01MH002838, ZIAMH002838)
- National Eye Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- local field potentials, primary visual cortex, current source density, thalamocortical input, macaque, visual stimulus processing
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Macaca mulatta, Male, Neurophysiology, Photic Stimulation, Sensory Receptor Cells, Visual Cortex, Visual Fields, Visual Pathways, Statistics, Nonparametric
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