The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Contrasting Roles of Basolateral Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Impulsive Choice
Open accessAbstract
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) share many reciprocal connections, and a functional interaction between these regions is important in controlling goal-directed behavior. However, their relative roles have proved hard to dissociate. Although injury to these brain regions can cause similar effects, it has been suggested that the resulting impairments arise through damage to different, yet converging, cognitive processes. Patients with OFC or amygdala lesions exhibit maladaptive decision making and aberrant social behavior often described as impulsive. Impulsive choice may be measured in both humans and rodents by evaluating intolerance to delay of reinforcement. Rats with excitotoxic lesions of the BLA and OFC were tested on such a delay-discounting procedure. Although lesions of the BLA increased choice of the small immediate reward, indicating greater impulsivity, OFC lesions had the opposite effect, increasing preference for the larger but delayed reward. The fact that the delay did not devalue the large reward to such an extent in OFC-lesioned animals supports the suggestion that the OFC is involved in updating the incentive value of outcomes in response to devaluation. In contrast, the BLA-lesioned animals markedly decreased their preference for the large reward when it was delayed, potentially because of an inability to maintain a representation of the reward in its absence. This is the first time that lesions to these two structures have produced opposite behavioral effects, indicating their distinct contributions to cognition.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“indicating that nonstimulants may have better inhibitory effects on abnormal affective processes in ADHD adults relative to youth”
From Overlapping and differential neuropharmacological mechanisms of stimulants and nonstimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A comparative neuroimaging analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Winstanley, Theobald, Cardinal, & Robbins, 2004
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Paxinos, G., & Watson, C. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-63235-9 · Cited by 28,585
Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control.
Ainslie, G. (1975) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0076860 · Cited by 2,708
Ongur, D. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.206 · Cited by 2,627
From motivation to action: Functional interface between the limbic system and the motor system
MOGENSON, G., JONES, D., & YIM, C. (1980) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(80)90018-0 · Cited by 2,331
Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex
Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., Hall, J., & Everitt, B. J. (2002) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00007-6 · Cited by 2,129
Self-citationDifferent contributions of the human amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to decision-making
Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Damasio, A. R., & Lee, G. P. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-13-05473.1999 · Cited by 2,001
Rogers, R. (1999) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00091-8 · Cited by 1,101
Dissociation Of Working Memory from Decision Making within the Human Prefrontal Cortex
Bechara, A., Damásio, H., Tranel, D., & Anderson, S. W. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-01-00428.1998 · Cited by 1,080
Impulsive choice induced in rats by lesions of the nucleus accumbens core
Cardinal, R. N., Pennicott, D. R., Lakmali, C., Sugathapala, Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1060818 · Cited by 923
Self-citationThe problem of the frontal lobe: A reinterpretation
Nauta, W. J. H. (1971) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(71)90017-3 · Cited by 903
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 1981, J Exp Psychol, 33B, 123
- 10.1037/0735-7044.116.2.267 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion
Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1579 · Cited by 3,785
Self-citationImpulsivity, compulsivity, and top-down cognitive control
Dalley, J. W., Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.020 · Cited by 1,589
Self-citationFrames, Biases, and Rational Decision-Making in the Human Brain
Martino, B. D., Kumaran, D., Seymour, B., & Dolan, R. J. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1128356 · Cited by 1,687
Prefrontal executive and cognitive functions in rodents: neural and neurochemical substrates
Dalley, J. W., Cardinal, R. N., & Robbins, T. W. (2004) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.09.006 · Cited by 1,329
Self-citationMental fatigue: Costs and benefits
Boksem, M. A. S., & Tops, M. (2008) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.07.001 · Cited by 1,247
Metadata
- Authors
- Winstanley, C. A., Theobald, D. E. H., Cardinal, R. N., & Robbins, T. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Winstanley, Catharine A.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2004-05-19
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 4718-4722
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6729470
- OpenAlex
- W2159254339
- Cited by
- 675
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 14.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- impulsive choice, orbitofrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, delay discounting, impulsivity, excitotoxic lesions, incentive value, reward devaluation, goal-directed behavior, decision-making
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Choice Behavior, Conditioning, Operant, Frontal Lobe, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Rats, Inbred Strains, Reinforcement, Psychology, Reward, Time Factors, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
