The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Phase of Thalamic Alpha Activity Modulates Cortical Gamma-Band Activity: Evidence from Resting-State MEG Recordings
Open accessAbstract
Recent findings have implicated thalamic alpha oscillations in the phasic modulation of cortical activity. However, the precise relationship between thalamic alpha oscillations and neocortical activity remains unclear. Here we show in a large sample of healthy human participants ( n = 45) using spatial filtering techniques and measures of phase amplitude coupling that the amplitude of gamma-band activity in posterior medial parietal cortex is modulated by the phase of thalamic alpha oscillations during eyes-closed resting-state recordings. In addition, our findings show that gamma-band activity in visual cortex was not modulated by thalamic alpha oscillations but coupled to the phase of strong cortical alpha activity. To overcome the limitations of electromagnetic source localization we estimated conduction delays using transfer entropy and found nonspurious information transfer from thalamus to cortex. The present findings provide novel evidence for magneto-encephalography-measured phase coupling between cortical gamma-band activity and thalamic alpha oscillations, which highlight the role of phasic inhibition in the coordination of cortical activity.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“there is evidence in this study [57] and others [70,71] for alpha–gamma cross-frequency coupling, thus forging a link between the two mechanisms considered so far.”
From Cerebral hierarchies: predictive processing, precision and the pulvinar (2015) · cites this paper as [71]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
On Information and Sufficiency
Kullback, S., & Leibler, R. A. (1951) · The Annals of Mathematical Statistics · doi:10.1214/aoms/1177729694 · Cited by 20,193
A default mode of brain function
Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676 · Cited by 12,190
Oostenveld, R., Fries, P., Maris, E., & Schoffelen, J.-M. (2011) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2011/156869 · Cited by 10,323
An Information-Maximization Approach to Blind Separation and Blind Deconvolution
Bell, A. J., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1995) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.1995.7.6.1129 · Cited by 8,986
Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data
Maris, E., & Oostenveld, R. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024 · Cited by 8,496
The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates
Cavanna, A. E., & Trimble, M. R. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl004 · Cited by 5,128
Kraskov, A., Stögbauer, H., & Grassberger, P. (2004) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.69.066138 · Cited by 4,419
Über das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen
Berger, H. (1929) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/bf01797193 · Cited by 4,266
The origin of extracellular fields and currents — EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes
Buzsáki, G., Anastassiou, C. A., & Koch, C. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3241 · Cited by 4,225
EEG alpha oscillations: The inhibition–timing hypothesis
Klimesch, W., Sauseng, P., & Hanslmayr, S. (2006) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.06.003 · Cited by 3,890
Searching for a baseline: Functional imaging and the resting human brain
Gusnard, D. A., & Raichle, M. E. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35094500 · Cited by 3,371
Shaping Functional Architecture by Oscillatory Alpha Activity: Gating by Inhibition
Jensen, O., & Mazaheri, A. (2010) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00186 · Cited by 3,237
Van Veen, B. D., Van Drongelen, W., Yuchtman, M., & Suzuki, A. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.623056 · Cited by 2,561
Oscillatory gamma activity in humans and its role in object representation
Tallon‐Baudry, C. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01299-1 · Cited by 2,205
A default mode of brain function: a brief history of an evolving idea
Raichle, M. E., & Snyder, A. Z. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.041 · Cited by 2,173
Dynamic imaging of coherent sources: studying neural interactions in the human brain
Gross, J., Kujala, J., Hämäläinen, M., Timmermann, L., Schnitzler, A., & Salmelin, R. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.694 · Cited by 1,810
Measuring Phase-Amplitude Coupling Between Neuronal Oscillations of Different Frequencies
Tort, A. B. L., Komorowski, R. W., Eichenbaum, H., & Kopell, N. (2010) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00106.2010 · Cited by 1,454
THE BERGER RHYTHM: POTENTIAL CHANGES FROM THE OCCIPITAL LOBES IN MAN
ADRIAN, E. D., & MATTHEWS, B. H. C. (1934) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/57.4.355 · Cited by 1,396
Nolte, G. (2003) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/0031-9155/48/22/002 · Cited by 1,140
Jahnsen, H., & Llinas, R. H. (1984) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1984.sp015154 · Cited by 1,081
The pulvinar regulates information transmission between cortical areas based on attention demands
Saalmann, Y. B., Pinsk, M. A., Wang, L., Li, X., & Kastner, S. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1223082 · Cited by 1,016
Transfer entropy—a model-free measure of effective connectivity for the neurosciences
Vicente, R., Wibral, M., Lindner, M., & Pipa, G. (2010) · Journal of Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s10827-010-0262-3 · Cited by 1,009
Self-citationSpectral Analysis for Physical Applications: Multitaper and Conventional Univariate Techniques.
DSS, Percival, D. B., & Walden, A. T. (1997) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2965609 · Cited by 975
Manning, J. R., Jacobs, J., Fried, I., & Kahana, M. J. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2041-09.2009 · Cited by 973
Cross-frequency coupling supports multi-item working memory in the human hippocampus
Axmacher, N., Henseler, M. M., Jensen, O. B., Weinreich, I., Elger, C. E., & Fell, J. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0911531107 · Cited by 929
Haegens, S., Nácher, V., Luna, R., Romo, R., & Jensen, O. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1117190108 · Cited by 738
Brain Oscillatory Substrates of Visual Short-Term Memory Capacity
Sauseng, P., Klimesch, W., Heise, K.-F., Gruber, W. R., Holz, E. M., Karim, A. A., Glennon, M., Gerloff, C. P., Birbaumer, N., & Hummel, F. C. (2009) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.062 · Cited by 707
Is perception discrete or continuous?
VanRullen, R., & Koch, C. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00095-0 · Cited by 662
Thalamic Mechanisms of EEG Alpha Rhythms and Their Pathological Implications
Hughes, S. W., & Crunelli, V. (2005) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858405277450 · Cited by 565
Magnetic field tomography of coherent thalamocortical 40-Hz oscillations in humans.
Ribary, U., Ioannides, A. A., Singh, K. D., Hasson, R., Bolton, J. P., Lado, F. A., Mogilner, A. Y., & Llinas, R. H. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.24.11037 · Cited by 546
Physiological Basis of the Alpha Rhythm
Andersen, P. N., & Andersson, S. A. (1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 540
A review of systems and networks of the limbic forebrain/limbic midbrain
Morgane, P. J., Galler, J. R., & Mokler, D. J. (2005) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.01.001 · Cited by 519
An oscillatory mechanism for prioritizing salient unattended stimuli
Jensen, O. B., Bonnefond, M., & Rufin Vanrullen, A. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.03.002 · Cited by 449
Neuronal Mechanisms and Attentional Modulation of Corticothalamic Alpha Oscillations
Bollimunta, A., Mo, J., Schroeder, C. E., & Ding, M. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5580-10.2011 · Cited by 441
Neuronal Mechanisms of Cortical Alpha Oscillations in Awake-Behaving Macaques
Bollimunta, A., Chen, Y., Schroeder, C. E., & Ding, M. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2699-08.2008 · Cited by 434
Lopes, F. H. D. S., Vos, J. E., Mooibroek, J. J., & van Rotterdam, A. (1980) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(80)90011-5 · Cited by 425
Voytek, B. (2010) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00191 · Cited by 423
Layer-Specific Entrainment of Gamma-Band Neural Activity by the Alpha Rhythm in Monkey Visual Cortex
Spaak, E., Bonnefond, M., Maier, A., Leopold, D. A., & Jensen, O. (2012) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.020 · Cited by 385
Frequency-Band Coupling in Surface EEG Reflects Spiking Activity in Monkey Visual Cortex
Whittingstall, K., & Logothetis, N. K. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.016 · Cited by 375
Dugué, L., Marque, P., & VanRullen, R. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1161-11.2011 · Cited by 364
(2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-305460-9.x5013-8 · Cited by 355
Temporal Framing of Thalamic Relay-Mode Firing by Phasic Inhibition during the Alpha Rhythm
Lörincz, M. L., Kékesi, K. A., Juhász, G. D., Crunelli, V., & Hughes, S. W. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.012 · Cited by 348
Thalamic circuitry and thalamocortical synchrony
Jones, E. G. (2002) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1168 · Cited by 340
Sex Differences in Regional Cerebral Glucose Metabolism During a Resting State
Gur, R. C., Mozley, L. H., Mozley, P. D., Resnick, S. M., Karp, J. S., Alavi, A. A., Arnold, S. E., & Gur, R. E. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7824953 · Cited by 340
Gamma Power Is Phase-Locked to Posterior Alpha Activity
Osipova, D. V., Hermes, D., & Jensen, O. B. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003990 · Cited by 329
Organization of thalamic and cortical alpha rhythms: Spectra and coherences
Lopes, F. H. D. S., van Lierop, T. H. M. T., Schrijer, C. F., & van Leeuwen, W. S. (1973) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(73)90216-2 · Cited by 326
Perceptual framing and cortical alpha rhythm
Valera, F. J., Toro, A., John, E. R., & Schwartz, E. (1981) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(81)90005-1 · Cited by 290
Coherent neural representation of hand speed in humans revealed by MEG imaging
Jerbi, K., Lachaux, J.-P., N′Diaye, K., Pantazis, D., Leahy, R. M., Garnero, L., & Baillet, S. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0609632104 · Cited by 289
Measuring Information-Transfer Delays
Wibral, M., Pampu, N. C., Priesemann, V., Siebenhühner, F., Seiwert, H., Lindner, M., Lizier, J. T., & Vicente, R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055809 · Cited by 286
Self-citationSensitivity of MEG and EEG to Source Orientation
Hämäläinen, M., Ahlfors, S. P., Han, J., & Belliveau, J. W. (2010) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) · Cited by 265
Lindner, M., Vicente, R., Priesemann, V., & Wibral, M. (2011) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-12-119 · Cited by 231
Self-citationEEG Alpha Power Modulation of fMRI Resting-State Connectivity
Scheeringa, R., Petersson, K. M., Kleinschmidt, A. K., Jensen, O. B., & BASTIAANSEN, M. C. M. (2012) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2012.0088 · Cited by 221
Inferring Spike Trains From Local Field Potentials
Rasch, M. J., Gretton, A., Murayama, Y., Maass, W., & Logothetis, N. K. (2007) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00919.2007 · Cited by 217
Good Vibrations: Cross-frequency Coupling in the Human Nucleus Accumbens during Reward Processing
Cohen, M. X., Axmacher, N., Lenartz, D., Elger, C. E., Sturm, V., & Schlaepfer, T. E. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21062 · Cited by 193
Sekihara, K., Nagarajan, S. S., Poeppel, D., & Marantz, A. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2004.827926 · Cited by 193
O’Donnell, P., & Grace, A. A. (1998) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033325 · Cited by 191
Thalamic model of awake alpha oscillations and implications for stimulus processing
Vijayan, S., & Kopell, N. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1215385109 · Cited by 171
Yelnik, J., Percheron, G., & François, C. (1984) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902270206 · Cited by 161
Gain control in the visual thalamus during perception and cognition
Saalmann, Y. B., & Kastner, S. (2009) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2009.05.007 · Cited by 156
Broadband Spectral Change: Evidence for a Macroscale Correlate of Population Firing Rate?: Figure 1.
Miller, K. J. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6401-09.2010 · Cited by 154
Scheeringa, R., Mazaheri, A., Bojak, I., Norris, D. G., & Kleinschmidt, A. K. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4697-10.2011 · Cited by 141
Markov models from data by simple nonlinear time series predictors in delay embedding spaces
Ragwitz, M., & Kantz, H. (2002) · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · doi:10.1103/physreve.65.056201 · Cited by 136
Regulation of Motor Representation by Phase–Amplitude Coupling in the Sensorimotor Cortex
Yanagisawa, T., Yamashita, O., Hirata, M., Kishima, H., Saitoh, Y., Goto, T., Yoshimine, T., & Kamitani, Y. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2929-12.2012 · Cited by 134
Bonjean, M., Baker, T. I., Bazhenov, M., Cash, S. S., Halgren, E., & B, T. J. S. A. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6141-11.2012 · Cited by 111
Dysfunctional Thalamus-Related Networks in Schizophrenia
Pinault, D. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq165 · Cited by 105
Resting oscillations and cross-frequency coupling in the human posteromedial cortex
Foster, B. L., & Parvizi, J. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.019 · Cited by 102
The 3D topography of MEG source localization accuracy: effects of conductor model and noise
Tarkiainen, A., Liljeström, M., Seppä, M., & Salmelin, R. H. (2003) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00195-0 · Cited by 81
Miller, K. J., Hermes, D., Honey, C. J., Sharma, M., Rao, R. P. N., den Nijs, M., Fetz, E. E., B, T. J. S. A., Hebb, A. O., Ojemann, J. G., et al. (2010) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00197 · Cited by 68
Poch, C., Fuentemilla, L., Barnes, G. R., & Düzel, E. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6305-10.2011 · Cited by 66
Staudigl, T., Zaehle, T., Voges, J., Hanslmayr, S., Esslinger, C., Hinrichs, H., Schmitt, F. C., Heinze, H., & Richardson‐Klavehn, A. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.08.023 · Cited by 63
Cross-frequency coupling within and between the human thalamus and neocortex
FitzGerald, T. H. B. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00084 · Cited by 60
Non-invasive imaging of neuronal population dynamics in human thalamus
Tesche, C. D. (1996) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(96)00555-0 · Cited by 47
Coherence in consciousness: Paralimbic gamma synchrony of self‐reference links conscious experiences
Lou, H. C., Groß, J., Biermann‐Ruben, K., Kjær, T. W., & Schnitzler, A. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20855 · Cited by 35
How to Detect Amygdala Activity with Magnetoencephalography using Source Imaging
Balderston, N. L., Schultz, D. H., Baillet, S., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2013) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/50212 · Cited by 30
Phase shift detection in thalamocortical oscillations using magnetoencephalography in humans
Bish, J. P., Martin, T., Houck, J. M., Ilmoniemi, R. J., & Tesche, C. D. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.02.032 · Cited by 23
Amplitude modulation of gamma band oscillations at alpha frequency produced by photic driving
Chorlian, D. B., Bernice Porjesz, A., & Begleiter, H. (2005) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.11.002 · Cited by 17
MEG imaging of neuronal population dynamics in the human thalamus.
Tesche, C. D. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 16
Sensitivity of MEG and EEG to source orientation
Ahlfors, S. P., Han, J., Belliveau, J. W., & Hämäläinen, M. S. (2010) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-010-0154-x · Cited by 1
High-resolution intersubject averaging and a coordinate system for the cortical surface
Fischl, B., Sereno, M. I., Tootell, R. B. H., & Dale, A. M. (1999) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1999)8:4
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Attal, 2007, Modeling and detecting deep brain activity with MEG and EEG, Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2007, 4937
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Magnetoencephalography for Brain Electrophysiology and Imaging
Baillet, S. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4504 · Cited by 992
Roux, F., & Uhlhaas, P. J. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.10.010 · Cited by 906
Self-citationNeural Cross-Frequency Coupling: Connecting Architectures, Mechanisms, and Functions
Hyafil, A., Giraud, A., Fontolan, L., & Gutkin, B. S. (2015) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.09.001 · Cited by 527
Cerebral hierarchies: predictive processing, precision and the pulvinar
Kanai, R., Komura, Y., Shipp, S., & Friston, K. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0169 · Cited by 432
The Speed of Alpha-Band Oscillations Predicts the Temporal Resolution of Visual Perception
Samaha, J., & Postle, B. R. (2015) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.007 · Cited by 467
Metadata
- Authors
- Roux, F., Wibral, M., Singer, W., Aru, J., & Uhlhaas, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (DE)
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience (DE)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2013-11-06
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 45
- Pages
- 17827-17835
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3818555
- OpenAlex
- W2030440331
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 9.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- gamma oscillations, phase-amplitude coupling, visual cortex, resting-state brain activity, phasic inhibition, information transmission, transfer entropy, conduction delay, spatial filtering
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Alpha Rhythm, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Male, Parietal Lobe, Thalamus, Magnetoencephalography, Brain Waves
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
